Early pubertal timing predicts onset and recurrence of depressive episodes in boys and girls

Hamlat, Elissa J.; McCormick, Kathleen C.; Young, Jami F.; Hankin, Benjamin L.

doi:10.1111/jcpp.13198

Cited by 23 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Moreover, including the equivalent Time 1 psychopathology measure did not eliminate or weaken the results. Few previous studies have controlled for the history of psychopathology when examining how early timing is related to internalizing psychopathology, and the two studies that did this showed conflicting findings (Crockett et al, 2013; Hamlat et al, 2020). Our specification curve analysis included a decision point of whether or not to control for Time 1 psychopathology and thus showed that associations between pubertal timing and internalizing psychopathology remained after controlling for this variable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the handful of prospective longitudinal studies available, some show that various measures of pubertal timing (Conley et al, 2012; Copeland et al, 2010; Graber et al, 2004; Marceau et al, 2011) have been prospectively associated with internalizing psychopathology in later adolescence and sometimes through young adulthood, although not always (Lee et al, 2017). There is also conflicting evidence whether early timing is related to internalizing psychopathology when controlling for history of psychopathology (Crockett et al, 2013; Hamlat et al, 2020). This has implications for identifying the best time window for prevention and early intervention efforts that mitigate the risk of internalizing psychopathology.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Multimethod assessment of pubertal timing and associations with internalizing psychopathology in early adolescent girls.

Barendse¹,

Byrne²,

Flournoy³

et al. 2022

Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science

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Early pubertal timing has consistently been associated with internalizing psychopathology in adolescent girls. Here, we aimed to examine whether the association between timing and mental health outcomes varies by measurement of pubertal timing and internalizing psychopathology, differs between adrenarcheal and gonadarcheal processes, and is stronger concurrently or prospectively. We assessed 174 female adolescents (age 10.0-13.0 at Time 1) twice, with an 18-month interval. Participants provided self-reported assessments of depression/anxiety symptoms and pubertal development, subjective pubertal timing, and date of menarche. Their parents/guardians also reported on the adolescent's pubertal development and subjective pubertal timing. We assessed salivary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone, and estradiol levels and conducted clinical interviews to determine the presence of case level internalizing disorders. From these data, we computed 11 measures of pubertal timing at both time points, as well as seven measures of internalizing psychopathology, and entered these in a Specification Curve Analysis. Overall, earlier pubertal timing was associated with increased internalizing psychopathology. Associations were stronger prospectively than concurrently, suggesting that timing of early pubertal processes might be especially important for later risk of mental illness. Associations were strongest when pubertal timing was based on the Tanner Stage Line Drawings and when the outcome was case-level Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) depression or Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) distress disorders. Timing based on hormone levels was not associated with internalizing psychopathology, suggesting that psychosocial mechanisms, captured by timing measures of visible physical characteristics might be more meaningful determinants of internalizing psychopathology than biological ones in adolescent girls. Future research should precisely examine these psychosocial mechanisms. General Scientific SummaryEarly pubertal timing is a risk factor for the development of anxiety and depression in adolescence. The findings of this article show that this link depends on how pubertal timing is measured and that timing of early pubertal processes might be especially important for later risk of mental illness in adolescent girls. It suggests that psychosocial mechanisms, captured by timing measures of visible physical characteristics, might be more meaningful predictors of depression and anxiety than hormonal ones.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimethod assessment of pubertal timing and associations with internalizing psychopathology in early adolescent girls.

Barendse¹,

Byrne²,

Flournoy³

et al. 2022

Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science

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“…Few previous studies have controlled for history of psychopathology when examining how early timing is related to internalizing psychopathology, and the two studies that did this showed conflicting findings. 28,29 Our study explicitly tested the same associations with and without Time 1 psychopathology as a control variable and thus showed that associations between pubertal timing and internalizing psychopathology remained after controlling for this variable. Although our methods do not allow us to infer causality, these findings provide an indication that the likely direction of effect is from pubertal timing to internalizing psychopathology.…”

Section: Measure Of Internalizing Psychopathologymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…27 There is also conflicting evidence whether early timing is related to internalizing psychopathology when controlling for history of psychopathology. 28,29 This has implications for identifying pubertal timing as a potential risk factor for the onset of mental health problems during adolescence, which could inform prevention and early intervention efforts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-method assessment of pubertal timing and associations with internalizing psychopathology in early adolescent girls

Barendse¹,

Byrne²,

Flournoy³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objective: Early pubertal timing has consistently been associated with internalizing psychopathology in adolescent girls. Here, we aimed to examine whether the association between timing and mental health outcomes varies by measurement of pubertal timing and internalizing psychopathology, differs between adrenarcheal and gonadarcheal processes, and is stronger concurrently or prospectively. Methods: We assessed 174 female adolescents (age 10.0-13.0 at Time 1) twice, with an 18-month interval. Participants provided self-reported assessments of depression/anxiety symptoms and pubertal development, subjective pubertal timing, and date of menarche. Their parents/guardians also reported on the adolescent’s pubertal development and subjective pubertal timing. We assessed salivary DHEA, testosterone and estradiol levels, and conducted clinical interviews to determine the presence of case level (DSM-IV and HiTOP) internalizing disorders. From these data, we computed 12 measures of pubertal timing at both time points, as well as 7 measures of internalizing psychopathology, and entered these in a Specification Curve Analysis. Results and Conclusion: Overall, earlier pubertal timing was associated with increased internalizing psychopathology cross-sectionally and prospectively. However, results varied by measure of pubertal timing and psychopathology, with the strongest associations when pubertal timing was based on the Tanner Stage Line Drawings and when the outcome was case-level DSM-IV depression or HiTOP distress disorders. Timing based on hormone levels was not associated with internalizing psychopathology, suggesting that psychosocial mechanisms, captured by timing measures of visible physical characteristics, are more meaningful determinants of internalizing psychopathology than biological ones in early adolescent girls. Future research should precisely measure and test these psychosocial mechanisms.

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“…Pubertal development also interacts with psychosocial factors that may influence the development of internalizing symptoms. Much of the extant literature focuses on pubertal timing and suggests that adolescents with early pubertal timing are more likely to develop internalizing symptoms throughout adolescence [28] and adulthood [29], particularly females [30]. Furthermore, pubertal timing is associated with internalizing symptoms—both cross-sectionally and prospectively—when pubertal development is measured by physical assessments, but not by sex hormone levels [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multidimensional Approach to Understanding the Emergence of Sex Differences in Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescence

Serio

Kohler

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Women are more vulnerable to internalizing disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety). This study took an integrative, developmental approach to investigate multidimensional factors associated with the emergence of sex differences in internalizing symptoms, using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Indices of sex hormone levels (dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, and estradiol), physical pubertal development, task-based functional brain activity, family conflict, and internalizing symptoms were drawn from the ABCD study's baseline sample (9- to 10-year-old; N = 11,844). Principal component analysis served as a data-driven dimensionality reduction technique on the internalizing subscales to yield a single robust measure of internalizing symptoms. Moderated mediation analyses assessed whether associations between known risk factors and internalizing symptoms vary by sex. Results revealed direct and indirect effects of physical pubertal development on internalizing symptoms through family conflict across sexes. No effects were found of sex hormone levels or amygdala response to fearful faces on internalizing symptoms. Females did not report overall greater internalizing symptoms relative to males, suggesting that internalizing symptoms have not yet begun to increase in females at this age. Findings provide an essential baseline for future longitudinal research on the endocrine, neurocognitive, and psychosocial factors associated with sex differences in internalizing symptoms.

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Early pubertal timing predicts onset and recurrence of depressive episodes in boys and girls

Cited by 23 publications

References 59 publications

Multimethod assessment of pubertal timing and associations with internalizing psychopathology in early adolescent girls.

Multimethod assessment of pubertal timing and associations with internalizing psychopathology in early adolescent girls.

Multi-method assessment of pubertal timing and associations with internalizing psychopathology in early adolescent girls

A Multidimensional Approach to Understanding the Emergence of Sex Differences in Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescence

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