Early resistance training-induced increases in muscle cross-sectional area are concomitant with edema-induced muscle swelling

Damas, Felipe; Phillips, Stuart M.; Lixandrão, Manoel Emílio; Vechin, Felipe Cassaro; Libardi, Cleiton Augusto; Roschel, Hamilton; Tricoli, Valmor; Ugrinowitsch, Carlos

doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3243-4

Cited by 148 publications

(152 citation statements)

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“…However, in the present study, echo intensity decreased or did not change from Baseline to Week 3 in the 80 and 30% 1RM groups, respectively, and decreased from Baseline to Week 6 in both groups (Figure 2). Therefore, although these factors cannot be completely ruled out, the echo intensity measurements in the present study, as suggested by Damas et al (2015), indicated that the influence of edema and muscle damage was minimal.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Damas et al (2015) recently proposed that the observed hypertrophy following 3–4 weeks of training may be due, in part, to muscle edema and/or damage from unaccustomed exercise. The authors (Damas et al, 2015) recommended future studies to simultaneously measure muscle damage (i.e., ultrasound echo intensity) to rule out the potential influence of muscular edema on muscle size measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors (Damas et al, 2015) recommended future studies to simultaneously measure muscle damage (i.e., ultrasound echo intensity) to rule out the potential influence of muscular edema on muscle size measurements. Echo intensity would be expected to increase in the presence of muscle damage (Radaelli et al, 2013; Damas et al, 2015). However, in the present study, echo intensity decreased or did not change from Baseline to Week 3 in the 80 and 30% 1RM groups, respectively, and decreased from Baseline to Week 6 in both groups (Figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Greater Neural Adaptations following High- vs. Low-Load Resistance Training

et al. 2017

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We examined the neuromuscular adaptations following 3 and 6 weeks of 80 vs. 30% one repetition maximum (1RM) resistance training to failure in the leg extensors. Twenty-six men (age = 23.1 ± 4.7 years) were randomly assigned to a high- (80% 1RM; n = 13) or low-load (30% 1RM; n = 13) resistance training group and completed leg extension resistance training to failure 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Testing was completed at baseline, 3, and 6 weeks of training. During each testing session, ultrasound muscle thickness and echo intensity, 1RM strength, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength, and contractile properties of the quadriceps femoris were measured. Percent voluntary activation (VA) and electromyographic (EMG) amplitude were measured during MVIC, and during randomly ordered isometric step muscle actions at 10–100% of baseline MVIC. There were similar increases in muscle thickness from Baseline to Week 3 and 6 in the 80 and 30% 1RM groups. However, both 1RM and MVIC strength increased from Baseline to Week 3 and 6 to a greater degree in the 80% than 30% 1RM group. VA during MVIC was also greater in the 80 vs. 30% 1RM group at Week 6, and only training at 80% 1RM elicited a significant increase in EMG amplitude during MVIC. The peak twitch torque to MVIC ratio was also significantly reduced in the 80%, but not 30% 1RM group, at Week 3 and 6. Finally, VA and EMG amplitude were reduced during submaximal torque production as a result of training at 80% 1RM, but not 30% 1RM. Despite eliciting similar hypertrophy, 80% 1RM improved muscle strength more than 30% 1RM, and was accompanied by increases in VA and EMG amplitude during maximal force production. Furthermore, training at 80% 1RM resulted in a decreased neural cost to produce the same relative submaximal torques after training, whereas training at 30% 1RM did not. Therefore, our data suggest that high-load training results in greater neural adaptations that may explain the disparate increases in muscle strength despite similar hypertrophy following high- and low-load training programs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Greater Neural Adaptations following High- vs. Low-Load Resistance Training

et al. 2017

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“…A total of 10 healthy young men (age 27 (1) years, mean (SEM); body mass index 23.6 (1.0) kg m −2 ; complete participants’ characteristics are published elsewhere, Damas et al . a ) with previous experience in lower limb RT, but who had not engaged in lower limb RT for at least 6 months prior to the study and did not use vitamin supplements or anti‐inflammatory medications chronically, were recruited.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The processes modulating muscle hypertrophy during RT are still surprisingly obscure (Phillips, ; Schoenfeld, ; Damas et al . a , b ). RT‐induced muscle hypertrophy is the result of an accumulation of intermittent increases in myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis (MyoPS) in response to each resistance exercise (RE) bout (Moore et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance training‐induced changes in integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis are related to hypertrophy only after attenuation of muscle damage

Damas

Phillips

Libardi

et al. 2016

The Journal of Physiology

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Key pointsr Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is one of the main outcomes from resistance training (RT), but how it is modulated throughout training is still unknown.r We show that changes in myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) after an initial resistance exercise (RE) bout in the first week of RT (T1) were greater than those seen post-RE at the third (T2) and tenth week (T3) of RT, with values being similar at T2 and T3.r Muscle damage (Z-band streaming) was the highest during post-RE recovery at T1, lower at T2 and minimal at T3.r When muscle damage was the highest, so was the integrated MyoPS (at T1), but neither were related to hypertrophy; however, integrated MyoPS at T2 and T3 were correlated with hypertrophy.r We conclude that muscle hypertrophy is the result of accumulated intermittent increases in MyoPS mainly after a progressive attenuation of muscle damage.Abstract Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is one of the main outcomes of resistance training (RT), but how hypertrophy is modulated and the mechanisms regulating it are still unknown. To investigate how muscle hypertrophy is modulated through RT, we measured day-to-day integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) using deuterium oxide and assessed muscle damage at the beginning (T1), at 3 weeks (T2) and at 10 weeks of RT (T3). Ten young men (27 (1) years, mean (SEM)) had muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) taken to measure integrated MyoPS and muscle damage (Z-band streaming and indirect parameters) before, and 24 h and 48 h post resistance exercise (post-RE) at T1, T2 and T3. Fibre cross-sectional area (fCSA) was evaluated using biopsies at T1, T2 and T3. Increases in fCSA were observed only at T3 (P = 0.017). Changes in MyoPS post-RE at T1, T2 and T3 were greater at T1 (P < 0.03) than at T2 and T3 (similar values between T2 and T3). Muscle damage was the highest during post-RE recovery at T1, attenuated at T2 and further attenuated at T3. The change in MyoPS post-RE at both T2 and T3, but not at T1, was strongly correlated (r 0.9, P < 0.04) with muscle hypertrophy. Initial MyoPS response post-RE in an RT programme is not directed to support muscle hypertrophy, coinciding with the greatest muscle damage. However, integrated MyoPS is quickly 'refined' by 3 weeks of RT, and is related to muscle hypertrophy. We conclude that muscle hypertrophy is the result of accumulated intermittent changes in MyoPS post-RE in RT, which coincides with progressive attenuation of muscle damage.

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Skeletal muscle mass in competitive physique‐based athletes (bodybuilding, 212 bodybuilding, bikini, and physique divisions): A case series

Moreno,

Hammert,

Montgomery

et al. 2023

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives(1) To examine the muscle thickness of various muscle groups of the body to estimate the absolute and relative skeletal muscle mass (SM) in competitive physique‐based athletes (Bodybuilding, 212 Bodybuilding, Bikini, and Physique divisions) and (2) to compare values across various divisions of competition and to resistance trained and non‐resistance trained individuals.MethodsEight competitive physique‐based athletes (2 M and 6 F), two recreationally resistance trained (1 M and 1 F) and two non‐resistance trained (1 M and 1 F) participants had muscle thickness measured by ultrasound at nine sites on the anterior and posterior aspects of the body. SM was estimated from an ultrasound‐derived prediction equation and SM index was used to adjust for the influence of standing height (i.e., divided by height squared).ResultsSM values ranged from 19.6 to 60.4 kg in the eight competitive physique‐based athletes and 16.1 to 32.6 kg in the four recreationally resistance trained and non‐resistance trained participants. SM index ranged from 7.2 to 17.9 kg/m2 in the eight competitive physique‐based athletes and 5.8 to 9.3 kg/m2 in the four recreationally resistance trained and non‐resistance trained participants.ConclusionOverall, varying magnitudes of SM and SM index were present across competitors and their respective divisions of bodybuilding. The Men's Open Bodybuilder in the present study had greater values of total SM and SM index compared to previously published values in the literature. Our data provides insight into the extent of SM present in this population and further extends the discussion regarding SM accumulation in humans.

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Early resistance training-induced increases in muscle cross-sectional area are concomitant with edema-induced muscle swelling

Cited by 148 publications

References 39 publications

Greater Neural Adaptations following High- vs. Low-Load Resistance Training

Greater Neural Adaptations following High- vs. Low-Load Resistance Training

Resistance training‐induced changes in integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis are related to hypertrophy only after attenuation of muscle damage

Skeletal muscle mass in competitive physique‐based athletes (bodybuilding, 212 bodybuilding, bikini, and physique divisions): A case series

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