“…Since then, the ESL rate declined notably, reaching 20 % in 2015. This change is mainly attributed to labour market performance and to the relationship between the economic cycle and school dropout decisions (Choi & Calero, 2018;Petrongolo & San Segundo, 2002). The number of school leavers increases during periods of economic growth and decreases when economic activity falls (Aparicio, 2010;Bernardi, 2012;Fernández-Mellizo & Martínez-García, 2017;Guio, Choi, & Escardíbul, 2018;Lacuesta, Puente, & Villanueva, 2012).…”