Early Signs Indicate That COVID-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the           Labor Force

Landivar, Liana Christin; Ruppanner, Leah; Scarborough, William J.; Collins, Caitlyn

doi:10.1177/2378023120947997

Cited by 196 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…For example, COVID-19 has had a disproportionately high impact on Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups, and low-income populations ( Khalatbari-Soltani et al, 2020 ), which may have bearing on wellbeing. In addition, there is evidence of gender inequalities whereby women are assuming more responsibility for unpaid caring, childcare, and home-schooling ( Landivar et al, 2020 ), suggesting poorer outcomes may be expected for women when compared to men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cross-Cultural Exploratory Study of Health Behaviors and Wellbeing During COVID-19

et al. 2021

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This study explored the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived health behaviors; physical activity, sleep, and diet behaviors, alongside associations with wellbeing. Participants were 1,140 individuals residing in the United Kingdom (n = 230), South Korea (n = 204), Finland (n = 171), Philippines (n = 132), Latin America (n = 124), Spain (n = 112), North America (n = 87), and Italy (n = 80). They completed an online survey reporting possible changes in the targeted behaviors as well as perceived changes in their physical and mental health. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) on the final sample (n = 1,131) revealed significant mean differences regarding perceived physical and mental health “over the last week,” as well as changes in health behaviors during the pandemic by levels of physical activity and country of residence. Follow up analyses indicated that individuals with highest decrease in physical activity reported significantly lower physical and mental health, while those with highest increase in physical activity reported significantly higher increase in sleep and lower weight gain. United Kingdom participants reported lowest levels of physical health and highest increase in weight while Latin American participants reported being most affected by emotional problems. Finnish participants reported significantly higher ratings for physical health. The physical activity by country interaction was significant for wellbeing. MANCOVA also revealed significant differences across physical activity levels and four established age categories. Participants in the oldest category reported being significantly least affected by personal and emotional problems; youngest participants reported significantly more sleep. The age by physical activity interaction was significant for eating. Discussed in light of Hobfoll (1998) conservation of resources theory, findings endorse the policy of advocating physical activity as a means of generating and maintaining resources combative of stress and protective of health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cross-Cultural Exploratory Study of Health Behaviors and Wellbeing During COVID-19

et al. 2021

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“…Distinctly from their country's level of economic development and governance structure, these respondents represent a wide range of demographic groups, which are examined independently to determine their association with perceptions of government stewardship, service provision and communication during the pandemic. Given previous studies reporting the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted different segments of the population, [24][25][26][27][28] we conducted a post-hoc analysis of the COVID-SCORE data 6 to evaluate to what degree age, education, economic level and gender in populations across national boundaries are associated with their perceptions of five aspects of governmental effectiveness: communicating about the pandemic itself and ways to help control it, providing assistance in meeting needs for food and shelter, addressing physical and mental healthcare needs and allocating resources to support populations with special needs, such as the chronically ill, the elderly, the incarcerated and others with special needs.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitations Of This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About two in five (39.7%) respondents said the government had helped individuals and families meet daily needs for income, food and shelter during the COVID-19 pandemic. More positive responses were reported by younger (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29), better-paid (US$32+) and bettereducated individuals. A fairly substantial, 15%, response variation on this question was attributed to intercountry differences.…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A slightly higher proportion (42.9%) of all respondents agreed that their government had provided special protections to vulnerable groups at higher risk such as the elderly, the poor, migrants, prisoners and the homeless during the COVID-19 epidemic. Positive responses were associated with younger age (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29), high income level (US$32+) and very high education level. The most positive responses were reported in Singapore (75.4%) and China (75.0%) and least positive responses were reported in Sweden (19.5%) (VPC=10.8%).…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A cross-sectional study of the association of age, gender, education and economic status with individual perceptions of governmental response to COVID-19

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveWe assessed the impact of key population variables (age, gender, income and education) on perceptions of governmental effectiveness in communicating about COVID-19, helping meet needs for food and shelter, providing physical and mental healthcare services, and allocating dedicated resources to vulnerable populations.DesignCross-sectional study carried out in June 2020.Participants and setting13 426 individuals from 19 countries.ResultsMore than 60% of all respondents felt their government had communicated adequately during the pandemic. National variances ranged from 83.4% in China down to 37.2% in Brazil, but overall, males and those with a higher income were more likely to rate government communications highly. Almost half (48.8%) of the respondents felt their government had ensured adequate access to physical health services (ranging from 89.3% for Singapore to 27.2% for Poland), with higher ratings reported by younger and higher-income respondents. Ratings of mental health support were lower overall (32.9%, ranging from 74.8% in China to around 15% in Brazil and Sweden), but highest among younger respondents. Providing support for basic necessities of food and housing was rated highest overall in China (79%) and lowest in Ecuador (14.6%), with higher ratings reported by younger, higher-income and better-educated respondents across all countries. The same three demographic groups tended to rate their country’s support to vulnerable groups more highly than other respondents, with national scores ranging from around 75% (Singapore and China) to 19.5% (Sweden). Subgroup findings are mostly independent of intercountry variations with 15% of variation being due to intercountry differences.ConclusionsThe tendency of younger, better-paid and better-educated respondents to rate their country’s response to the pandemic more highly, suggests that government responses must be nuanced and pay greater attention to the needs of less-advantaged citizens as they continue to address this pandemic.

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“…Labor force exits due to childcare are more common among mothers than fathers because mothers commonly remain primarily responsible for the care of children (Scarborough et al, 2019). Recent research shows this is particularly true during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the increased caregiving demands associated with childcare center closures and homeschooling has led to mothers exiting the labor force at a rate nearly 3 times that of fathers (i.e., 32.1% vs. 12.1%, respectively;Heggeness & Fields, 2020; see also Landivar et al, 2020). This places working-and middle-class families in a double bind.…”

Section: Childcare and Family Support In The United Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head Start and Families' Recovery From Economic Recession: Policy Recommendations for COVID‐19

et al. 2020

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ObjectiveThis article examines whether the availability of Head Start during the Great Recession mitigated the impact of this crisis on poverty rates among families with young children.BackgroundThe first 2 decades of the 21st century have witnessed two major economic crises: the Great Recession and the COVID‐19 pandemic. Poverty rates among families with young children grew substantially during the Great Recession. Families with young children are also more vulnerable to instability during the COVID‐19 pandemic because job losses have been steeper and childcare availability has been significantly curtailed. Programs such as Head Start that support at‐risk families may mitigate such negative consequences.MethodThis study used data from the American Community Survey from 2006 through 2016 and state‐level data on Head Start availability from Program Information Reports. Growth curve modeling was used to examine how the availability of Head Start predicted poverty growth during the Great Recession and the speed of recovery post‐recession.ResultsStates with higher rates of Head Start enrollment had a smaller increase in family poverty during the Great Recession and a more stable recovery than states with lower Head Start enrollment.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that greater access to Head Start programs prevented many families from falling into poverty and helped others exit poverty during the Great Recession.ImplicationsThe findings provide clear, evidence‐based policy recommendations. Increased federal funding for Head Start is needed to support families during a COVID‐19 recession. States should supplement these allocations to expand Head Start enrollment for all eligible families.

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Early Signs Indicate That COVID-19 Is Exacerbating Gender Inequality in the Labor Force

Cited by 196 publications

References 2 publications

A Cross-Cultural Exploratory Study of Health Behaviors and Wellbeing During COVID-19

A Cross-Cultural Exploratory Study of Health Behaviors and Wellbeing During COVID-19

A cross-sectional study of the association of age, gender, education and economic status with individual perceptions of governmental response to COVID-19

Head Start and Families' Recovery From Economic Recession: Policy Recommendations for COVID‐19

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