Early stem growth mutation alters metabolic flux changes enhance sesquiterpenoids biosynthesis in Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.

Abstract

Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. is a well-known medicinal herb in China, containing abundant active components, including a variety of sesquiterpenoids. Owing to a shortage of wild resources, artificial cultivation has become the main breeding mode, leading to the germplasm degradation. In preliminary research, our research group found that a mutant tissue culture seedling of A. lancea is an excellent germplasm resource, characterized by early stem growth and higher sesquiterpenoid content than that of the wild type. In this study, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying efficient sesquiterpenoids synthesis by this mutant A. lancea were systematically evaluated. The results showed that the photosynthetic efficiency, central carbon metabolism efficiency, and energy metabolism efficiency were significantly improved in mutant A. lancea compared with the wild type, and the content of endogenous hormones, such as gibberellin and jasmonic acid, changed significantly. In addition, levels of key metabolites and the expression level of key genes in the mevalonate and 2-C-methyl- d -erythritol-4-phosphate pathways were significantly higher in mutant type than in wild type, resulting in elevated sesquiterpenoid synthesis in the mutant. These physiological and biochemical properties explain the rapid growth and high sesquiterpenoid content of mutant A. lancea . Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11240-022-02240-5.

Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Sesquiterpenoids from Atractylodes DC. Genus Rhizomes

“…Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) has been recognized as a sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic precursor and generates diverse sesquiterpene carbon skeletons via irregular coupling reactions [ 75 , 76 ]. FPP undergoes one cyclization or more to form germacryl cations, which lose a proton to produce the intermediate germacrenes A/B, followed by a series of protonation, structural rearrangements, and substitutions of various hydroxyls via oxidation reactions to produce eudesmane, guaiane, spirovetivane, isopterocarpolone, and eremophilane skeletons [ 77 , 78 , 79 ].…”

“…Eudesm-4(15)-ene-7α,11-diol (72), (5R,10S)-eudesm-4(15),7-diene-11-ol-9-one (73), and eudesm-4(15),7(11)-diene-9α,11-diol (74) were separated from A. lancea via silica gel column chromatography and preparative TLC [58]. Two new nitrogen-containing sesquiterpenoids, atractylenolactam A (75) and atractylenolactam B (76); two new sesquiterpene lactones, 8-methoxy-AT-V (77) and 15-acetoxyl AT-III (86); and four known analogs (78)(79)(80)(81)(82) were separated from A. macrocephala using column chromatography and preparative HPLC, and the absolute configurations were established using time-dependent density functional theory ECD (TDDFT-ECD) calculations [59,60]. Zhou et al [61] isolated six eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids (83)(84)(85)(86)(87)(88) from A. lancea with repeated silica gel column chromatography, and their structures were determined using physiochemical and spectroscopic evidence.…”

Synergism of vesicle trafficking and cytoskeleton during regulation of plant growth and development: A mechanistic outlook

“…Existing studies highlight the association between receptor trafficking, cell migration, actin dynamics, and actin filament function in pollen tube and root tip growth [ 56 , 58 ]. Actin filaments, especially apical filaments, are extremely active and vital for pollen tube growth.…”