Earth-Fissure Movements Associated with Fluctuations in Ground-Water Levels near the Picacho Mountains, South-Central Arizona, 1980-84

Carpenter, Michael C.

doi:10.3133/pp497h

Cited by 38 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Horizontal displacement occurs in aquifer systems in response to pumping and seasonal recharge/discharge stresses (Wolff, 1970;Carpenter, 1993;Helm, 1994;Hsieh, 1996;Bawden et al, 2001;Burbey, 2001aBurbey, , 2001bLi, 2007aLi, , 2007bLi, , 2007c. However, historically, in areas of subsidence attributed to fluid abstraction, horizontal displacement of the land surface has been measured at only a few places.…”

Section: Geodesymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several kinds of horizontal extensometers are used to measure horizontal ground motion at earth fissures caused by changes in groundwater levels (Carpenter, 1993). Buried horizontal extensometers constructed of quartz tubes or invar wires are useful when precise, continuous measurements are required on a scale of 3 -30 m. Tape extensometers measure changes across inter-monument distances up to 30 m with repeatability of approximately 0.3 mm.…”

Section: Geodesymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis and simulation of regional subsidence accompanying groundwater abstraction and compaction of susceptible aquifer systems in the USA

Galloway

Sneed

2013

BSGM

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Regional aquifer-system compaction and land subsidence accompanying groundwater abstraction in susceptible aquifer systems in the USA is a challenge for managing groundwater resources and mitigating associated hazards. Developments in the assessment of regional subsidence provide more information to constrain analyses and simulation of aquifer-system compaction. Current popular approaches to simulating vertical aquifer-system deformation (compaction), such as those embodied in the aquitard drainage model and the MODFLOW subsidence packages, have proven useful from the perspective of regional groundwater resources assessment. However, these approaches inadequately address related local-scale hazards-ground ruptures and damages to engineered structures on the land surface arising from tensional stresses and strains accompanying groundwater abstraction. This paper presents a brief overview of the general approaches taken by the U.S. Geological Survey toward understanding aquifer-system compaction and subsidence with regard to a) identifying the affected aquifer systems; b) making regional assessments; c) analyzing the governing processes; and d) simulating historical and future groundwater flow and subsidence conditions. Limitations and shortcomings of these approaches, as well as future challenges also are discussed.Keywords: Subsidence, aquifer-system compaction, aquitard drainage, MODFLOW, poroelastic deformation. Resumen Es un gran reto, en los Estados

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Section: Geodesymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geodesymentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and simulation of regional subsidence accompanying groundwater abstraction and compaction of susceptible aquifer systems in the USA

Galloway

Sneed

2013

BSGM

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“…Wherever both horizontal and vertical deformation have been made at earth fissures, they have been of comparable magnitude (Carpenter, 1993(Carpenter, , 1999. Fissures termed surface faults by Holzer (1980) that have significant vertical offset can pose particular hazards.…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two sets of published records of continuous measurements of fissure movement have been made to date (Carpenter, 1993, and this study). As droughts lengthen and basins become more depleted, fissuring will increase.…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Carpenter (1993), waterlevel fluctuations in pairs of piezometers on opposite sides of a fissure compared with horizontal strain across the fissure Figure 7. Results of sandbox experiments demonstrating fissuring and faulting consistent with shear and tensile failure of an elastic body exhibiting differential offset at depth (modified from Sanford, 1959by Carpenter, 1993. enabled a test of seepage stresses as a fissure mechanism.…”

Section: Fissure Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous monitoring of an earth fissure in Chino, California, USA – a management tool

Carpenter

2015

Proc. IAHS

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Abstract. Continuous measurements of deformation have been made in Chino, California across an earth fissure and nearby unfissured soil since 2011 in two buried, horizontal, 150 mm pipes, 51 m long, which are connected by sealed boxes enclosing vertical posts at mostly 6 m intervals. Horizontal displacements and normal strain are measured in one line using nine end-to-end quartz tubes that are attached to posts and span fissured or unfissured soil. The free ends of the tubes are supported by slings and move relative to the attachment post of the next quartz tube. Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) sensors measure the relative movements. Five biaxial tilt sensors were also attached to selected posts in that line. Relative vertical movement was measured at nine locations along the line in the second pipe using low-level differential pressure sensors. The second pipe is half full of water giving a free water surface along its length. Data are recorded on a Campbell CR10 using multiplexers.The quartz-tube horizontal extensometers have exhibited more than 3 mm of predominantly elastic opening and closing in response to about 32 m of seasonal drawdown and recovery, respectively, in an observation well 0.8 km to the south. The nearest production well is 1.6 km to the west. The horizontal strain was 5.9 × 10 −5 or 30 % of the lowest estimate of strain-at-failure for alluvium. Maximum relative vertical movement was 4.8 mm. Maximum tilt in the fissure zone was 0.09 arcdeg while tilt at a separate sensor 100 m to the east was 0.86 arcdeg, indicating a wider zone of deformation than is spanned by the instrumentation. High correlation of horizontal displacements during drawdown, and especially recovery, with change in effective stress supports differential compaction as the mechanism for earth-fissure movement.The continuous measurements of horizontal strain coupled with water-level fluctuations and vertical borehole extensometry can provide a real-time adaptive management tool for restricting pumping if strain approaches the lower limit of strain-at-failure or a stress-strain curve deviates from the previous mostly elastic regimen.

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Geomechanics of subsurface water withdrawal and injection

Gambolati

Teatini

2015

Water Resources Research

133

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Land subsidence and uplift, ground ruptures, and induced seismicity are the principal geomechanic effects of groundwater withdrawal and injection. The major environmental consequence of groundwater pumping is anthropogenic land subsidence. The first observation concerning land settlement linked to subsurface processes was made in 1926 by the American geologists Pratt and Johnson, who wrote that ''the cause of subsidence is to be found in the extensive extraction of fluid from beneath the affected area.'' Since then, impressive progress has been made in terms of: (a) recognizing the basic hydrologic and geomechanic principles underlying the occurrence; (b) measuring aquifer compaction and ground displacements, both vertical and horizontal; (c) modeling and predicting the past and future event; and (d) mitigating environmental impact through aquifer recharge and/or surface water injection. The first milestone in the theory of pumped aquifer consolidation was reached in 1923 by Terzaghi, who introduced the principle of ''effective intergranular stress.'' In the early 1970s, the emerging computer technology facilitated development of the first mathematical model of the subsidence of Venice, made by Gambolati and Freeze. Since then, the comprehension, measuring, and simulation of the occurrence have improved dramatically. More challenging today are the issues of ground ruptures and induced/ triggered seismicity, which call for a shift from the classical continuum approach to discontinuous mechanics. Although well known for decades, anthropogenic land subsidence is still threatening large urban centers and deltaic areas worldwide, such as Bangkok, Jakarta, and Mexico City, at rates in the order of 10 cm/yr.

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Earth-Fissure Movements Associated with Fluctuations in Ground-Water Levels near the Picacho Mountains, South-Central Arizona, 1980-84

Cited by 38 publications

References 19 publications

Analysis and simulation of regional subsidence accompanying groundwater abstraction and compaction of susceptible aquifer systems in the USA

Analysis and simulation of regional subsidence accompanying groundwater abstraction and compaction of susceptible aquifer systems in the USA

Continuous monitoring of an earth fissure in Chino, California, USA – a management tool

Geomechanics of subsurface water withdrawal and injection

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