Earth Resistivity Measurement Interpretation Techniques

Dawalibi, F.P.; Blattner, Christian

doi:10.1109/tpas.1984.318254

Cited by 105 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This fluctuation of the phase angle is not only affected by rod dimension but also soil characteristic that influence by its mineralogy [24] -Grounding Impedance for L = 100 cm Figure 10. Grounding Impedance Vs Log Frequency for L = 100 cm Figure 10 shows that grounding impedance for L = 100 cm and at low frequency up until 10 kHz is relatively constant but at frequency of more than 10 kHz the grounding impedance starts to increase gradually and at f = 100 kHz it increases significantly and becoming very fluctuated with around five peaks, which means that that the distributed equivalent circuit is suitable for presenting the grounding systems such as Figure 1 (d) above as stated by Dawalibi and Mukedar [12].…”

Section: Experimental Results and Analysis A Experimental Results Datamentioning

confidence: 84%

“…It is also identified that different sizes of diameters (20, 30, and 40 cm) did not resulted in different value of grounding impedance. For this condition, the "lumped" equivalent circuit can be chosen for representing grounding system such as figure 1(c) above [12]. When tested at frequency between 90-400 kHz the grounding impedance for D = 20 cm is bigger than D = 30 cm, and for D = 30 cm is bigger than D = 40 cm (see red circle 2(a), Figure 6.…”

Section: Experimental Results and Analysis A Experimental Results Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Grounding Impedance Characteristics for Two-Layer Soil of Vertical Rod Configuration with Variation of Length and Diameter

Anggoro¹,

Dharmawanwas²,

Ningrum³

et al. 2018

IJEEI

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Abstracts: Grounding impedance is an important component of electrical power systems especially for protection for human safety and the continuity of the operation of power systems. At low frequency current injection the characteristics of grounding impedance is very resistive, however at high frequency it may be capacitive or inductive depending on the frequency. In order to build a grounding system used for lightning protection, it needs a careful and accurate design. It will receive high current and high frequency around hundred kilos up to mega hertz, otherwise it is simple grounding for low frequency. This paper reports the modification of a grounding system with vertical layers configuration. This is the novel issue because the other researchers use horizontal layers configuration. In this experiment, the grounding rod is injected by using low to high frequency AC source The modification is made by filling the soil into a grounding rod (cylinder rod) and therefore it created two soil layers of grounding system, and by using three size variations of cylindrical layers of length (L) of 40, 60, and 100 cm; and three size variations of diameter (D) of 20, 30, and 40 cm. These variations will allow us to understand the characteristic of the grounding impedance at low and high frequency, where usually the composition of inner layer soil have lower resistance than the outer soil. The composition of the outer soil consist of 16.85 % clay, 66.18 % silt, 15.48 % sand, and 1.49 % gravel whereas the composition for the inner/filling soil consist of 34.98% clay, 49.55% silt, 15.35% sand, and 0.16% gravel. The value of soil permittivity and resistivity affect the value of grounding impedance at low and high frequency. In general, the results indicated that the grounding impedance at high frequency was higher than at low frequency, but the fluctuation of grounding impedance depended on the condition of inner soil, length and diameter of cylindrical rod. In this research, the grounding impedance was plotted as the function of the frequency and until now the value of this fluctuation cannot be determined accurately.

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Section: Experimental Results and Analysis A Experimental Results Datamentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Experimental Results and Analysis A Experimental Results Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Grounding Impedance Characteristics for Two-Layer Soil of Vertical Rod Configuration with Variation of Length and Diameter

Anggoro¹,

Dharmawanwas²,

Ningrum³

et al. 2018

IJEEI

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“…Wenner [10], onde quatro eletrodos igualmente espaçados de distância a sobre uma reta são cravados no solo e a corrente elétrica Í e injetada em um dos eletrodos externo e colhida no outro, como ilustrado na Figura 4, sendo medida a diferença de potencial V entre os dois eletrodos internos [12].…”

Section: Validação Em Geoprospecçãounclassified

Desenvolvimento de Operador Matemático para Algoritmos de Otimização Heurísticos Aplicado a Problema de Geoprospecção

Calixto

Pereira

Mota³

et al. 2014

Tend. Mat. Apl. Comput.

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RESUMO.O propósito deste trabalhoé apresentar um operador genético desenvolvido a partir dos métodos matemáticos de extrapolação de curva. Este operador irá auxiliar na produção de um indivíduo melhor adaptado na população do algoritmo genético com codificação real, reconhecendo padrões inerentes aos genes dos cromossomos dos melhores indivíduos de cada geração. O operador proposto em conjunto com o algoritmo genético de codificação realé comparado com cinco outros métodos diferentes de otimização aplicados a prospecção geoelétrica.Palavras-chave: otimização, operador matemático, algoritmo genético, codificação real. INTRODUÇÃOVários são os métodos de otimização existentes na literatura. Estes métodos podem ser divididos em dois grupos distintos; i) métodos determinísticos e ii) métodos heurísticos. Os algoritmos de otimização determinísticos nem sempre conseguem resolver problemas com alta ordem de complexidade, gastando elevado tempo de execução para obter resultados satisfatórios, em alguns casos inviabilizando o processo de otimização [1].Neste trabalho, um algoritmo genético (AG)é utilizado como método de otimização [2,3]. Os AG são métodos estocásticos de busca cega de soluções otimizadas [4]. Eles não dispõem de nenhum conhecimento específico do problema a ser resolvido, de maneira que a buscaé efetuada exclusivamente utilizando o valor da função de avaliação [5]. Eles não trabalham diretamente

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“…There are many analytical methods and formulas of earth resistances have been proposed in the literature, Dwight [5] listed the earth resistance formula for one-layer, Nahman and Djordjevic [1] and Chow et al [2] listed the earth resistance for two layers of soil, Gonos and Stathopulos [3] and Dawalibi and Blattner [4] for multi-layer of earth. In this present research, the resistance value is obtained using the formulas from Chow et al [2] for the two layers soil.…”

Section: Earth Resistance Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Calculation and Measurement Techniques of Earth Resistance Values

Nor¹,

Rajab²,

Ramar³

2008

American J. of Applied Sciences

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Much research has been published in the literature on the mathematical approaches to obtain the most accurate earth resistance and resistivity values. However, the published research only conducted the comparisons among the mathematical/computational techniques and so far none has conducted validation tests of these mathematical/computational methods against the real earth resistance measurement at real field sites. Thus, the main contribution of this research is to show the validity of the formulas available in the literature against the measured earth resistance value at field site. The earth resistance values at three field sites for the earthing systems consists of two, three and four rods were obtained with i) calculation, where the earth resistivity is first measured, which later interpreted into 2 layers earth and used to calculate for the earth resistance and ii) measurements using a Fall-of-Potential Method. The results from this present study can help to validate the mathematical approaches in some published work against the measurement results. Also, this is the first time this kind of comparison study between the calculated and measured for two layers soil model is presented, which can help to improve the earth resistance formulas in a future, since the calculation of earth resistance is important especially at the preliminary earthing system designs.

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Earth Resistivity Measurement Interpretation Techniques

Cited by 105 publications

References 7 publications

Grounding Impedance Characteristics for Two-Layer Soil of Vertical Rod Configuration with Variation of Length and Diameter

Grounding Impedance Characteristics for Two-Layer Soil of Vertical Rod Configuration with Variation of Length and Diameter

Desenvolvimento de Operador Matemático para Algoritmos de Otimização Heurísticos Aplicado a Problema de Geoprospecção

Validation of the Calculation and Measurement Techniques of Earth Resistance Values

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