Earth wires currents calculation by tableau analysis

A Simplified Approach to Calculate the Earth Fault Current Division Factor Passing Through the Substation Grounding System

“…In the past three decades, a number of researchers have investigated several approaches to determine the earth fault current division and distribution which have been reported [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. A number of methods have made some different approximations and simplifications for evaluation of this issue such as considering identical spans of incoming/outgoing overhead lines, uniform tower footing resistances, an overhead ground wire connected to the earth at various towers through the tower footing resistance which is substituted by an infinite ladder network and etc.…”

“…[2-7] and [12] while the other approaches have been reported as analytical methods [1] and [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In addition, the problem of earth fault current division factor was discussed in [19][20][21][22] which does not provide an approach for this issue with considering the different length of spans, nonuniform tower footing resistance and adjacent the substation grounding system.…”

“…The study presented in [17] is one of the first investigations to assess the impact of the frozen soil on the grounding resistance of the substation grounding grids and the tower footing resistances. The proposed approach in [10] is based on the tableau analysis for an unbalanced and multi-wire a transmission line. This method suffers from complexity in implementation of a large and complicated power system and also for hybrid overhead-cable transmission lines (HTL).…”

Short‐circuit current distribution analysis using a network model based on a 5×5 primitive matrix

“…Several short-circuit solution approaches for fault current distribution have been introduced under the 4×4 paradigm, ie, double-sided elimination method, 5 driving-point impedance technique, 6 ladder circuit solution, 7-9 single division factor, 10 two-port theory, 11 and nodal admittance methods. [12][13][14][15][16][17] Special purpose application software such as OpenDSS, 16 WinIGS, 18 and CDEGS 19 include 5 • Gooi 6 • Popovic 7 • Levey 8,9 • Kiessling 10 • Buccheri 11 • Zou 12 • Penido [13][14][15] • OpenDSS 16 • Klucznik 17 • WinIGS 18 • CDEGS 19 • Acharya 20,22 • Oka 21 • Chen 23 • Kersting 3 • • Anderson 24 • • Ciric 25,26,28 • specific modules to determine current fault distribution in substations and lines. Other general-purpose application tools such as electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) [20][21][22] and personal simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (PSPICE) 23 : have been also used to tackle the problem.…”

“…In this instance, self and mutual impedances are finally described as a three‐phase ( abc ) and neutral ( n ) representation. Several short‐circuit solution approaches for fault current distribution have been introduced under the 4×4 paradigm, ie, double‐sided elimination method, driving‐point impedance technique, ladder circuit solution, single division factor, two‐port theory, and nodal admittance methods . Special purpose application software such as OpenDSS, WinIGS, and CDEGS include specific modules to determine current fault distribution in substations and lines.…”