Earthquake fingerprints along fault scarps: A case study of the Irpinia 1980 earthquake fault (southern Apennines)

Galli, Paolo; Peronace, Edoardo; Quadrio, Bruno; Esposito, Giuseppe

doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.09.023

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Then, Galli et al . [] provided a contemporary account (previously unknown to us) that demonstrates that at least the NW part of the MMFS fault system underwent a dip‐slip coseismic rupture on 8 September 1694. This contemporary account “described an 18 km long chasm that opened along the northeastern spurs of the Mount Cervialto group”; for this, Galli et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This contemporary account “described an 18 km long chasm that opened along the northeastern spurs of the Mount Cervialto group”; for this, Galli et al . [] quote the Vera e distinta relazione [] printed 37 days after the earthquake (“True and minute report,” in the wording of the time). This fault is observed in the most NW part of the MMFS, where this fault system crosses the NE declivity of the Mount Cervialto massif.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Next, Galli et al . [] extended the three segments in a continuous 10 km long fault, but no researchers have been able to find the rest of the 1694 rupture. However, this lack of success is not surprising because erosion and weathering progressively obscure surface ruptures [ Stirling et al ., ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, both mechanisms (transtensional and pure normal) are justified by the general seismotectonic context and could be compatible with the paleoseismological findings by Galli et al . [], although with some preference for the pure dip‐slip mechanism. However, we presented both solutions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[] and M w = 7.0 in Galli et al . []; M w is the moment magnitude from the intensity data; see Figure ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intensity‐based source inversion of the destructive earthquake of 1694 in the southern Apennines, Italy

2013

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[1] We inverted the regional pattern of intensities of the catastrophic earthquake of 1694 in the southern Apennines and determined the geometrical and kinematic characteristics of its source, including the double-couple orientation (strike angle 299°± 10°, dip 54°± 12°, and rake 309°± 11°; pure dip-slip solution not precluded). The objective nonlinear inversion was performed using the simple 11 parameter kinematic-function model (KF) with a niching genetic algorithm technique. The similarity between the pattern of the field intensities of the 1694 earthquake and the synthetic pattern is striking. This result is supported by the fact that our inversion technique was verified in the study area, where it was able to again find the source of the M s 6.9 Irpinia 1980 earthquake, known from instruments and from field surveys of the rupture. This type of inversion enables researchers to exploit the extensive intensity data from Italy and other countries to extend the knowledge of seismotectonic activity to preinstrumental times. New paleoseismological evidence and even published descriptions of the fault rupture by witnesses of the 1694 earthquake were found, confirming our results. We also present and apply a new algorithm, of general interest, to calculate disorientations between double-couples via standard linear algebra. The 3-D rotations that bring the pairwise orthogonal unit vectors that were estimated by our intensity inversion into the instrumental triples of the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, assumed as benchmarks, provide verification of our algorithm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[] and M w = 7.0 in Galli et al . []; M w is the moment magnitude from the intensity data; see Figure ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intensity‐based source inversion of the destructive earthquake of 1694 in the southern Apennines, Italy

2013

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Source inversion of the 1570 Ferrara earthquake and definitive diversion of the Po River (Italy)

Sirovich

Pettenati

2015

JGR Solid Earth

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An 11‐parameter, kinematic‐function (KF) model was used to retrieve the approximate geometrical and kinematic characteristics of the fault source of the 1570 Mw 5.8 Ferrara earthquake in the Po Plain, including the double‐couple orientation (strike angle 127 ± 16°, dip 28 ± 7°, and rake 77 ± 16°). These results are compatible with either the outermost thrust fronts of the northern Apennines, which are buried beneath the Po Plain's alluvial deposits, or the blind crustal‐scale thrust. The 1570 event developed to the ENE of the two main shocks on 20 May 2012 (M 6.1) and 29 May 2012 (M 5.9). The three earthquakes had similar kinematics and are found 20–30 km from each other en echelon in the buried chain. Geomorphological and historical evidence exist which suggest the following: (i) the long‐lasting uplift of the buried Apenninic front shifted the central part of the course of the Po River approximately 20 km northward in historical times and (ii) the 1570 earthquake marked the definitive diversion of the final part of the Po River away from Ferrara and the closure of the Po delta 40 km south of its present position.

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A Growth–Survival Trade‐Off Along an Elevation Gradient Is Altered by Earthquake Disturbance in a Monodominant Southern Beech Forest

Allen,

MacKenzie,

Wiser

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Tree growth–survival relationships link two demographic processes that individually dictate the composition, structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. While these relationships vary intra‐specifically, it remains unclear how this reflects environmental variation and disturbance. We examined the influence of a 700‐m elevation gradient and an Mw = 6.7 earthquake on intra‐specific variability in growth–survival relationships. We expected that survival models that incorporated recent growth would be better supported than those only using other factors known to influence tree survival. We used a permanent plot network that representatively sampled a monodominant Nothofagus forest in New Zealand's Southern Alps in 1974 and that was remeasured seven times through to 2009. The relationships were assessed using pre‐earthquake growth and survival, pre‐earthquake growth and post‐earthquake survival (0–5 years post‐earthquake), and post‐earthquake growth and survival (5+ years post‐earthquake). Survival was related to growth of 4504 trees on 216 plots using Bayesian modelling. We hypothesised there would be a positive, logistic relationship between growth and survival. Pre‐earthquake, we found a positive, logarithmic growth–survival relationship at all elevations. At higher elevations, trees grew more slowly but had higher survival than trees at lower elevations, supporting our hypothesised demographic trade‐off with elevation. The earthquake altered growth–survival relationships from those found pre‐earthquake and 0–5 years post‐earthquake survival held little relationship with growth. A strong, logarithmic growth–survival relationship developed 5+ years post‐earthquake because of enhanced survival of fast‐growing trees yet low survival of slow‐growing trees. Synthesis. Our findings demonstrate a trend in growth–survival relationships along an elevation gradient. If we assume a gradual climate warming is the equivalent of a forest stand shifting to a lower elevation, then data from our pre‐earthquake period suggest that tree growth–survival relationships at any elevation could adjust to faster growth and lower survival. We also show how these novel growth–survival relationships could be altered by periodic disturbance.

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Earthquake fingerprints along fault scarps: A case study of the Irpinia 1980 earthquake fault (southern Apennines)

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

Intensity‐based source inversion of the destructive earthquake of 1694 in the southern Apennines, Italy

Intensity‐based source inversion of the destructive earthquake of 1694 in the southern Apennines, Italy

Source inversion of the 1570 Ferrara earthquake and definitive diversion of the Po River (Italy)

A Growth–Survival Trade‐Off Along an Elevation Gradient Is Altered by Earthquake Disturbance in a Monodominant Southern Beech Forest

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