East Asian Pathways Toward Democracy: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of “The Third Wave”

Abstract

What drove the East Asian tide of democratization during the "Third Wave?" Instead of focusing on a single-factor explanation, we perform qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) on fourteen cases in the region of East Asia from 1980 to 2000 and find three parallel pathways: (1) overthrow model, which features the positive effects of mass mobilization against authoritarianism under a deinstitutionalized authoritarian regime; (2) urban pressure model that works under an institutionalized authoritarian regime; and (3) inside-out model, in which democratization is triggered by the joint forces of domestic and international conditions under both types of regimes. These results demonstrate that the authoritarian status quo ante is an important determinant of democratic transitions.Keywords democratization, East Asia, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), the Third WaveEast Asia was also affected by the tide of democratization during the so-called "Third Wave" that began in Portugal and Spain in 1973-1974. At the end of the 1970s, Japan was the only country in the region that could be categorized as democratic. During the 1980s and 1990s, however, six former authoritarian regimes-South Korea, Mongolia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Thailand-became democracies. 1 Why did this "great transformation" occur? What accounts for democratization in these East Asian states? In previous studies on the history of democracy (Dunn 1992;Tilly 2007) and the comparative politics of democratization (O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead 1986b;Shain and Linz 1995;Linz and Stepan 1996;Lijphart 1999; Coleman and Lawson-Remer 2013), the East Asian experiences are generally understudied. Instead, Latin American and post-communist Eastern European countries have received more sustained attention (O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead 1986a;Przeworski 1991; Walker and Armony 2000;Calhoun 2004;Rizman 2006; Ramet and Matic 2007;Petrovic 2013).Moreover, the existing but limited research on the democratization of East Asian states has not clarified the distinct models of democratic transition visible in the region. Most of these studies treat the region as a whole and then try to explore a single "East Asian

Exploring the multi-causes path and mechanism of “model students” in Chinese official media: A qualitative comparative analysis based on crisp set

“…The coverage of solution shows how many positive cases the combination of reasons as a whole can account for. The result showed that the combination of all causes could explain 74.2857% of the positive cases [ 42 , 44 ], indicating that the results of this study have high universality and reference significance as multi-causes paths.…”

“…The parsimonious solution is the most simplified causes combination generated by Boolean algebraic simplification program, which contains the least information. The intermediate solution is the most commonly used, which can balance the difference between the theory and the actual fact through the simplification of a certain Boolean algebraic simplification program, and is the main multi-factor path chosen in QCA method [ 42 ]. Therefore, the project chooses the intermediate solution as the multifactor path output, and Table 5 shows the intermediate solution output by fsQCA3.0.…”

“…Coverage index is divided into raw coverage, unique coverage, and solution coverage. Raw coverage is how many positive cases can be explained by a single causes combination [ 42 ]. As shown in Table 5 , the raw coverage rate of the second causes combination ∼ AL*GP*∼MD*EO is 00.114286, indicating that this causes combination can explain 11.4286% of the positive cases.…”

Opposing Power

“…In Indonesia, President Suharto's resignation in May 1998 marked the start of a gradual, sequenced democratization of the world's most populous Muslim country (Liddle 2000;Horowitz 2013). The region's political, social, and cultural diversity has motivated a wealth of scholarly research examining the multiple tortured paths that countries have taken toward democratization (Lee 2002;Croissant 2004;Hao and Gao 2016;Slater and Wong 2013).…”

Los métodos mixtos de investigación para el análisis del cambio político en el Norte de África y Oriente Próximo

“…El rastreo de bases de datos de revistas JCR y otras fuentes específicas para publicaciones QCA (COMPASS) revela un incremento del uso de este método en los estudios sobre democratización. En relación con la esfera intrarregional encontramos un considerable número de investigaciones sobre Europa (Berg-Schlosser y De Meur, 1994;Berg-Schlosser y Cronqvist, 2005;Fink-Hafner y Hafner-Fink, 2009;Gherghina, 2009;Skaaning, 2011;Ishiyama y Batta, 2012;Krasnozhon, 2013;Sedelmeier, 2014;Fischer, 2014;Cassani et al, 2016), América (Berntzen, 1993;Pérez-Liñán, 2005;Grassi, 2000Grassi, y 2004Mantilla, 2010;Mainwaring y Pérez-Liñán, 2013), y en menor medida Asia (Gerschewski, 2010;Hao y Gao, 2016), África Subsahariana (Berg-Schlosser, 2008;Ansorg, 2014;Del Biondo, 2015) y Norte de África y Oriente Próximo (Howard, 2010;Mello, 2012Mello, , 2020Bank et al, 2013; Alijla y Aghdam 2017).…”