East coast fever: 3. Chemoprophylactic immunization of cattle using oxytetracycline and a combination of theilerial strains

Radley, D.E.; Brown, C.G.D.; Cunningham, M. P.; Kimber, C.D.; Musisi, F. L.; Payne, Rose; Purnell, R.E.; Stagg, SM; Young, A. S.

doi:10.1016/0304-4017(75)90007-2

Cited by 160 publications

(112 citation statements)

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“…These findings could have serious implications for the control strategies of R. appendiculatus by anti-tick recombinant vaccines. Currently, immunisation against the T. parva parasite is by means of the common infection and treatment method, which results in a T. parva carrierstate in cattle (Boulter and Hall, 1999;Radley et al, 1975). Similarly, treatment using parvaquone or buparvaquone also results in a carrier-state in cattle (Dolan, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversion of CD from buffalo-cattle to cattlecattle transmission will have serious implications for the control of this disease in South Africa. In addition, immunisation of cattle against ECF by the infection and treatment method, in which the live parasite is injected into the cattle followed by treatment with oxytetracycline, results in a T. parva carrier-state in cattle (Boulter and Hall, 1999;Radley et al, 1975). In South Africa, treatment or immunisation resulting in a T. parva carrier-state in cattle is not permitted due to the risk of buffalo-derived T. parva adapting to cattle-cattle transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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De novo assembly and annotation of the salivary gland transcriptome of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male and female ticks during blood feeding

Castro

Klerk

Pienaar

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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Tick secretory proteins modulate haemostasis, inflammation and immune responses of the host and are attractive recombinant anti-tick vaccine candidates. Yet, many of the proteins have not been characterised due to the limited sequence availability for ticks and other arthropods for homology-based annotation. To address this limitation, we sequenced the salivary glands of the economically important adult male and female Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks during feeding. The quality filtered Illumina sequencing reads were de novo assembled to generate a R. appendiculatus sialotranscriptome of 21 410 transcripts. A non-redundant set of 12 761 R. appendiculatus proteins was predicted from the transcripts, including 2134 putative secretory and 8237 putative housekeeping proteins. Secretory proteins accounted for most of the expression in the salivary gland transcriptome (63%). Of the secretory protein class, the Glycine rich superfamily contributed 66% and the Lipocalin family 12% of the transcriptome expression. Differential expression analysis identified 1758 female and 2346 male up regulated transcripts, suggesting varying blood-feeding mechanisms employed between female and male ticks. The sialotranscriptome assembled in this work, greatly improves on the sequence information available for R. appendiculatus and is a valuable resource for potential future vaccine candidate selection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

De novo assembly and annotation of the salivary gland transcriptome of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male and female ticks during blood feeding

Castro

Klerk

Pienaar

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Theileriosis kills nearly a half million cattle yearly, with mortality as high as 90% in herds first exposed to ECF (Lawrence et al 1994a, b). A live vaccine associated with an infection treatment exists (Radley et al 1975), however, it is not yet easily accessible to the pastoral communities. Immunization and tick control measures are insufficient to prevent losses of 13-20% of the annual calf crop due to ECF (Kambarage 1995;Mulei et al 1995;De Castro et al 1997).…”

Section: Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeological Findings

2011

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Domestication is an ongoing co-evolutionary process rather than an event or invention. Recent zooarchaeological and animal genetics research has prompted a thorough revision of our perspectives on the history of domestic animals in Africa. Genetic analyses of domestic animal species have revealed that domestic donkeys are descended from African ancestors, opened a debate over the contribution of indigenous aurochs to African domestic cattle, revealed an earlier and possibly exogenous origin of the domestic cat, and reframed our vision of African dogs. Genetic diversity studies and mapping of unique traits in African cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens indicate adaptations to regional environmental challenges and suggest hitherto unknown and complex patterns of interactions both among Africans and with Southwest Asia and other Asian regions on the Indian Ocean. This article argues against the static perspective on domestication as invention and for viewing it as a dynamic, locally based and continuing process.

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“…More importantly, it is clear that solid immunity to one stock of the parasite does not provide protection against all other stocks (24, 65). However, there is evidence (66) that heterogeneity among stocks is somewhat limited, and cocktails of two or three immunising stocks have been used successfully to protect cattle against experimental challenge with a number of isolates from different locations (66). A further cause for concern is the low-grade carrier state which often results from live immunisation (26,83).…”

Section: Existing Immunisation Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theileria parva : the nature of the immune response and its significance for immunoprophylaxis

McKeever¹,

Morrison²

1990

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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Summary: Theileria parva is a tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasite of cattle and buffalo which is responsible for considerable economic losses to cattle farming in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Infection with the parasite results in an acute lymphoproliferative disorder with high mortality, but animals which survive infection are solidly immune to homologous challenge. Such immunity can be reproduced by infecting cattle with the parasite and treating them with tetracyclines or theilericidal drugs, but the widespread use of this technique as a method of control is hindered by its dependence on live parasites which require cryopreservation for maintenance and can give rise to carrier States. In addition, cross-protection between different strains of the parasite is not absolute. These problems have prompted a search for methods of immunisation based on the use of inactivated parasites or their derivatives. Such efforts have met with consistent failure, however, and in recent years scientists have adopted the more rational approach of defining the immune responses of cattle to the parasite with a view to identifying the parasite components which provoke them. These studies have revealed that protection is likely to be mediated by parasitespecific cytotoxic T cells which are restricted by class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products. The significance of this observation to the development of an effective subunit vaccine is discussed in the light of current knowledge of the inductive requirements of cytotoxic T cells.KEYWORDS: Antibody -Antigen -Antigen delivery -Antigen processingCell-mediated immunity -Cross-protection -Immunisation -Immunity -MHCrestriction -Parasite -Pathology -Theileria -Vaccine. THE PARASITE AND ITS LIFE CYCLETheileria parva is a haemoprotozoan parasite which infects cattle and buffalo in large areas of Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. The sporozoite stage of the parasite is transmitted by the three-host tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and invades lymphocytes, where its development to the schizont stage is associated with uncontrolled proliferation of the cell. The capacity of the parasite to associate with the mitotic spindle (78) ensures that schizonts are passed on to successive generations of daughter cells, giving rise to a clonal expansion of the initially parasitised population. A proportion of parasitised cells undergo merogony, resulting in disruption of the lymphocyte and release of merozoites into the blood. Merozoites then invade erythrocytes and differentiate into piroplasms which constitute the infective stage for the tick. PATHOGENESISInfection of cattle with T. parva gives rise to an acute lymphoproliferative disorder known as East Coast fever (ECF), and the course of this disease has been well characterised in experimentally-infected animals (47). At approximately 8 days after infection, schizont-infected cells are detectable in the lymph node which drains the site of inoculation. Parasitised cells can be detected in other lymphoid tissues throughout th...

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East coast fever: 3. Chemoprophylactic immunization of cattle using oxytetracycline and a combination of theilerial strains

Cited by 160 publications

References 11 publications

De novo assembly and annotation of the salivary gland transcriptome of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male and female ticks during blood feeding

De novo assembly and annotation of the salivary gland transcriptome of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male and female ticks during blood feeding

Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeological Findings

Theileria parva : the nature of the immune response and its significance for immunoprophylaxis

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