EAST1 toxin: An enigmatic molecule associated with sporadic episodes of diarrhea in humans and animals

Dubreuil, J. Daniel

doi:10.1007/s12275-019-8651-4

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Unlike the other CTX‐M‐producing E. coli isolates identified in this study, which did not show virulent behaviour in the in vivo assay, E. coli isolates DF381 and DF391 carried the astA gene coding for the enteroaggregative E. coli heat‐stable enterotoxin (EAST1). This virulence determinant has been commonly found in E. coli strains associated with outbreaks of childhood diarrhoea or extra‐intestinal disease in animals worldwide (Dubreuil, 2019; Maluta et al., 2016; Ochi et al., 2017; Seo et al., 2017; Silva, Souza, Silva, & Scaletsky, 2014; Sukkua, Manothong, & Sukhumungoon, 2017; Veilleux, Holt, Schultz, & Dubreuil, 2008; Zajacova, Konstantinova, & Alexa, 2012), highlighting the role of Andean condors as reservoirs of potentially pathogenic bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic data reveal international lineages of critical priority Escherichia coli harbouring wide resistome in Andean condors (Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758)

et al. 2020

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Critical priority pathogens have globally disseminated beyond clinical settings, thereby threatening wildlife. Andean Condors (Vultur gryphus) are essential for ecosystem health and functioning, but their populations are globally near threatened and declining due to anthropogenic activities. During a microbiological and genomic surveillance study of critical priority antibiotic‐resistant pathogens, we identified pandemic lineages of multidrug‐resistant extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Escherichia coli colonizing Andean Condors admitted at two wildlife rehabilitation centres in South America. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of genes encoding resistance to hospital and healthcare agents among international E. coli clones belonging to sequence types (STs) ST162, ST602, ST1196 and ST1485. In this regard, the resistome included genes conferring resistance to clinically important cephalosporins (i.e., CTX‐M‐14, CTX‐M‐55 and CTX‐M‐65 ESBL genes), heavy metals (arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, silver), pesticides (glyphosate) and domestic/hospital disinfectants, suggesting a link with anthropogenic environmental pollution. On the other hand, the presence of virulence factors, including the astA gene associated with outbreak of childhood diarrhoea and extra‐intestinal disease in animals, was identified, whereas virulent behaviour was confirmed using the Galleria mellonella infection model. E. coli ST162, ST602, ST1196 and ST1485 have been previously identified in humans and food‐producing animals worldwide, indicating that a wide resistome could contribute to rapid adaptation and dissemination of these clones at the human–animal–environment interface. Therefore, these results highlight that Andean Condors have been colonized by critical priority pathogens, becoming potential environmental reservoirs and/or vectors for dissemination of virulent and antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria and/or their genes, in associated ecosystems and wildlife.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic data reveal international lineages of critical priority Escherichia coli harbouring wide resistome in Andean condors (Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758)

et al. 2020

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“…EAST1 (4.1 kDa, 38aa) shows homology to STa and it shares the same receptor [ 42 ]. It has 50% homology with the enterotoxic domain of STa and is found in human strains but also in E. coli strains associated with pig diarrhea [ 43 ].…”

Section: Enterotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It could also be responsible for diarrheal disease in man. The mechanism of action of EAST1 was proposed to be identical to that of STa eliciting a cGMP increased [ 42 ].…”

Section: Enterotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pig vaccination strategies based on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli toxins

Dubreuil

2021

Braz J Microbiol

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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are responsible for diarrhea in humans as well as in farm animals. ETEC infections in newborn, suckling, and especially in post-weaning piglets are associated with reduced growth rate, morbidity, and mortality. ETEC express virulence factors as adhesin and enterotoxins that play a central role in the pathogenic process. Adhesins associated with pigs are of diverse type being either fimbrial or non-fimbrial. Enterotoxins belong to two groups: heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST). Heterogeneity of ETEC strains encompass expression of various fimbriae (F4, F5, F6, F18, and F41) and enterotoxins (LT, STa, STb, and EAST1). In the late years, attempts to immunize animals against neonatal and post-weaning diarrhea were focused on the development of anti-adhesin strategies as this is the initial step of ETEC pathogenesis. Although those vaccines demonstrated some protection against ETEC infections, as enterotoxins are pivotal to the virulence of ETEC, a new generation of vaccinal molecules, which include adhesin and one or more enterotoxins, were recently tested. Some of these newly developed chimeric fusion proteins are intended to control as well human diarrhea as enterotoxins are more or less common with the ones found in pigs. As these could not be tested in the natural host (human), either a mouse or pig model was substituted to evaluate the protection efficacy. For the advancement of pig vaccine, mice were sometimes used for preliminary testing. This review summarizes advances in the anti-enterotoxin immunization strategies considered in the last 10 years.

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“…Enterotoxin AST1 is associated with diarrheal illness and was also detected in some enteroaggregative E. coli [ 29 , 30 ]. It can be detected in isolates from humans and animals, while its impact on the disease is still discussed [ 31 , 32 ]. As all samples originated from non-clinical animals, the toxin did not seem to have obvious influence on animal health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of E. coli Isolates Producing Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase SHV-Variants from the Food Chain in Germany

et al. 2021

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Resistance of bacteria to 3rd generation cephalosporins mediated by beta-lactamases (ESBL, pAmpC) is a public health concern. In this study, 1517 phenotypically cephalosporin-resistant E. coli were screened for the presence of blaSHV genes. Respective genes were detected in 161 isolates. Majority (91%) were obtained from poultry production and meat. The SHV-12 beta-lactamase was the predominant variant (n = 155), while the remaining isolates exhibited SHV-2 (n = 4) or SHV-2a (n = 2). A subset of the isolates (n = 51) was further characterized by PCR, PFGE, or whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The SHV-12-producing isolates showed low phylogenetic relationships, and dissemination of the blaSHV-12 genes seemed to be mainly driven by horizontal gene transfer. In most of the isolates, blaSHV-12 was located on transferable IncX3 (~43 kb) or IncI1 (~100 kb) plasmids. On IncX3, blaSHV-12 was part of a Tn6 composite transposon located next to a Tn3 transposon, which harbored the fluoroquinolone resistance gene qnrS1. On IncI1 plasmids, blaSHV-12 was located on an incomplete class 1 integron as part of a Tn21 transposon. In conclusion, SHV-12 is widely distributed in German poultry production and spreads via horizontal gene transfer. Consumers are at risk by handling raw poultry meat and should take care in appropriate kitchen hygiene.

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EAST1 toxin: An enigmatic molecule associated with sporadic episodes of diarrhea in humans and animals

Cited by 24 publications

References 68 publications

Genomic data reveal international lineages of critical priority Escherichia coli harbouring wide resistome in Andean condors (Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758)

Genomic data reveal international lineages of critical priority Escherichia coli harbouring wide resistome in Andean condors (Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758)

Pig vaccination strategies based on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli toxins

Characterization of E. coli Isolates Producing Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase SHV-Variants from the Food Chain in Germany

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