The article is concerned with the perceptions and experiences of civil society actors receiving foreign aid from international and regional donors. By means of qualitative data analysis and within the analytical framework of gift exchange it aims to explore the 'spiritual essence' of contemporary gifts. Findings draw attention both to conflict and cooperation entailed by external gifts in light of the multiple understandings of culture.
Keywordsadaptation to the environment, civil society, culture, development cooperation and communication, foreign aid, gift, humanitarian aid, NGO, Palestine, shame/stigma Foreign aid aspires to achieve global solidarity within the international community (Salamon, 2015;Wilde, 2013). 1 This modern gift (Baldwin, 1985;Eyben, 2006;Furia, 2015;Hattori, 2001;Kapoor, 2008) attempts to connect culturally, economically and politically distinct worlds; this is not without its controversies though. Modern gift-giving is one of the most influential ways of managing order and preventing violence (Duffield, 2001(Duffield, , 2007Furia 2015;Hénaff, 2010;Komter, 2005;Pyyhtinen, 2014). At the international level, it is conditional on the active participation and cooperation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the media (Chouliaraki, 2013;Duffield, 2007). Contrary to the public discourse on the noble goals of development and humanitarian assistance,
International Journal of Cultural Studies 00(0)contemporary forms of (compassion-based) solidarity with remote others, coupled with efficient communication strategies, may be regarded as a controversial and ironic endeavour, strengthening identities mostly on the donor side (Chouliaraki, 2013;Razack, 2007).The fact that donors and foreign aid play a role that is as influential as it is ambiguous in Palestine has not only been widely discussed in the literature (Brynen, 2000; Keating, 2005;Le More, 2008;Taghdisi-Rad, 2011) but Palestinian perceptions of donor motives, interests, behaviours and agenda-setting attitudes have also been explored by earlier studies (Paragi, 2016c, forthcoming;Said, 2005;Springer, 2015;Wildeman and Tartir, 2014). This article further explores development cooperation and communication from the 'recipient' perspective at the level of NGOs within the analytical framework offered by gift exchange theories. To capture the perspectives and experiences of the interviewees working with NGOs at the recipient end of the aid relationship, qualitative data were collected and analysed through a grounded theory approach (Glaser and Strauss, 1967), which encouraged me to interpret foreign aid relations within the context of gift exchange both at micro and macro level (following Furia, 2015;Hattori, 2001Hattori, , 2006Kapoor, 2008;Mauss, 2000Mauss, [1925; Stirrat and Henkel, 1997).By applying qualitative methods, this article focuses on the 'spiritual essence' (Mauss, 2002(Mauss, [1925), that is, on the culture-related elements mediated by contemporary gifts (foreign grants). Foreign aid, whether it is a macro-level prog...