Eastern Asian endemic seed plant genera and their paleogeographic history throughout the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract

We review the fossil history of seed plant genera that are now endemic to eastern Asia. Although the majority of eastern Asian endemic genera have no known fossil record at all, 54 genera, or about 9%, are reliably known from the fossil record. Most of these are woody (with two exceptions), and most are today either broadly East Asian, or more specifically confined to Sino-Japanese subcategory rather than being endemic to the SinoHimalayan area. Of the "eastern Asian endemic" genera so far known from the fossil record, the majority formerly occurred in Europe and/or North America, indicating that eastern Asia served as a late Tertiary or Quaternary refugium for taxa. Hence, many of these genera may have originated in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere and expanded their ranges across continents and former sea barriers when tectonic and climatic conditions allowed, leading to their arrival in eastern Asia. Although clear evidence for paleoendemism is provided by the gymnosperms Amentotaxus, Cathaya, Cephalotaxus, Cunninghamia, Cryptomeria, Glyptostrobus, Ginkgo, Keteleeria, Metasequoia, Nothotsuga, Pseudolarix, Sciadopitys, and Taiwania, and the angiosperms Cercidiphyllum, Choerospondias, Corylopsis, Craigia, Cyclocarya, Davidia, Dipelta, Decaisnea, Diplopanax, Dipteronia, Emmenopterys, Eucommia, Euscaphis, Hemiptelea, Hovenia, Koelreuteria, Paulownia, Phellodendron, Platycarya, Pteroceltis, Rehderodendron, Sargentodoxa, Schizophragma, Sinomenium, Tapiscia, Tetracentron, Toricellia, Trapella, and Trochodendron, we cannot rule out the possibility that neoendemism plays an important role especially for herbaceous taxa in the present-day flora of Asia, particularly in the Sino-Himalayan region. In addition to reviewing paleobotanical occurrences from the literature, we document newly recognized fossil occurrences that expand the geographic and stratigraphic ranges previously known for Dipelta, Pteroceltis, and Toricellia.

Molecular phylogeny, biogeography and ecological niche modelling ofCardiocrinum(Liliaceae): insights into the evolutionary history of endemic genera distributed across the Sino-Japanese floristic region

“…Recently, numerous floristic studies (e.g. Wang, 1992;Liang, 1995;Wu and Wu, 1996;Sun, 2002a, b;Manchester et al, 2009) and phylogenetic and biogeographical surveys (Qiu et al, 2011;C. B. Wang et al, 2014;Y.…”

Floristic composition and comparison of middle Eocene to late Eocene and Oligocene floras in North America

“…As taxon-free methods have become de rigueur for climate reconstruction, traditional systematic studies of fossil plants have shifted toward novel applications that relate to molecular phylogenetics and biogeography (Manchester 1999, Manos & Stanford 2001, Tiffney & Manchester 2001, Manos et al 2007, Manchester et al 2009). Fossil occurrences act as an independent proxies for dating nodes of divergence for molecular and/or combined data sets.…”

Phylogeography of East Asia’s Tertiary relict plants: current progress and future prospects

“…北半球早第三纪时期温暖湿润的气候曾经维 持了大量中高纬度及环北分布的植物物种 (Tiffney, 1985a, b)。大约从渐新世早期(距今约34 Ma)开始, 由于气候变冷, 这些物种逐步向低纬度退缩 (Wolfe, 1971), 到了晚第三纪至第四纪期间, 进一步南退到 东亚、北美和欧洲西南部这三大冰期避难所区域。 这些曾经在第三纪环北极连续分布, 但目前仅分布 在上述三个区域的物种被称为第三纪孑遗物种 (Tiffney, 1985a;Tiffney & Manchester, 2001;Milne & Abbott, 2002)。这三个地区保留下来的第三纪孑 遗植物的物种丰富度差异极大, 以东亚地区最高, 北美次之, 欧亚大陆西南端最低, 反映了这些避难 所 内 物 种 幸 存 率 和 多 样 化 速 率 的 不 同 (Tiffney, 1985a;Wen et al, 1998;Wen, 1999 (Latham & Ricklefs, 1993;Axelrod et al, 1996;Manchester, 1999;Manchester et al, 2009) …”