Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) Envenomation of Dogs: 31 Cases (1982–2002)

Willey, Jonathan R; Schaer, Michael

doi:10.5326/0410022

Cited by 38 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Although cardiac abnormalities are not a common feature after snake bites, they have been reported in horses and can be important contributors to morbidity, future athletic potential, or mortality . Cardiac abnormalities also have been reported in dogs and new world camelids after rattlesnake bite. Venom is a complex mixture of proteins and, although some snake venoms contain toxins that exert specific effects on the heart, the exact cause of cardiac toxicity after rattlesnake envenomation in the horse is unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiotoxicity, Inflammation, and Immune Response after Rattlesnake Envenomation in the Horse

Gilliam

Holbrook

Ownby

et al. 2012

Veterinary Internal Medicne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Cardiac abnormalities are reported in rattlesnake-bitten horses. The prevalence and cause are unknown. Objectives: To detect cardiac damage in rattlesnake-bitten horses by measuring cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and evaluating ECG recordings for presence of arrhythmias, and explore causes of this cardiac damage by measuring venom excretion, anti-venom antibodies, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa).Animals: A total of 20 adult horses with a clinical diagnosis of rattlesnake bite and 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: In a prospective clinical study, bite site swabs, blood samples, and urine samples were collected at various time points from 20 horses with a clinical diagnosis of snake bite. Continuous ECG recordings were obtained on the 20 affected horses and 6 normal control horses using 24-hour holter monitors. Plasma samples were assayed for cTnI, serum samples were assayed for TNFa and anti-venom antibodies, and bite site swabs and urine were assayed for venom.Results: Forty percent of rattlesnake-bitten horses (8/20) experienced myocardial damage (increased cTnI). Seventy percent (14/20) experienced a cardiac arrhythmia. There was a positive correlation between cTnI and TNFa (P < .02). Horses with cTnI ! 2 ng/mL were more likely to have antibody titers >5,000 (P < .05). No correlations were found between venom concentration and cTnI, anti-venom antibody titers, TNFa, or presence of arrhythmias.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Cardiac abnormalities in this population of horses indicate that cardiac damage after rattlesnake bite is common. Rattlesnake-bitten horses should be monitored for signs of cardiac damage and dysfunction. Long-term follow-up should be encouraged to detect delayed cardiac dysfunction.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiotoxicity, Inflammation, and Immune Response after Rattlesnake Envenomation in the Horse

Gilliam

Holbrook

Ownby

et al. 2012

Veterinary Internal Medicne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…6,8 The use of corticosteroids is controversial. 2,6,8,9 Narcotics are preferred for analgesia, because nonsteroidal medications may exacerbate coagulopathies. 6 A new vaccine (Red Rock Biologics, Woodland, California 95776, USA) marketed for dogs is designed to protect against the venom of North American rattlesnake species, except for the Mojave and southern Pacific rattlesnake.…”

Section: Brief Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful Treatment of a Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) Bite in a Caracal (Caracal caracal)

Singleton

Oosterhuis²,

Seibold³

et al. 2009

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A caracal (Caracal caracal) was bitten on the lower lip by a southern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) and quickly developed progressive, severe soft tissue swelling and bruising of this site. Initial laboratory results revealed prolonged clotting times within the first hour of envenomation, followed by signs of vasculitis and anemia. The caracal was successfully treated with intravenous crystalloids, four vials of polyvalent crotalidae antivenom, and transfusions of bovine hemoglobin glutamer-200 (Oxyglobin) and fresh whole blood. The progressive soft tissue swelling and bruising halted and the coagulation parameters improved after administration of antivenom; however, the caracal continued to show neurologic dysfunction, including depression, weakness, muscle fasciculations, anisocoria, and ataxia. Administration of an additional vial of antivenom 72 hr after envenomation quickly corrected the weakness and muscle fasciculations, whereas the anisocoria and mild ataxia persisted for another 24 hr. The caracal remains clinically normal 3 yr after the envenomation.

show abstract

“…45,46 Sequestration Splenomegaly and splenic congestion, neoplasia, and severe hypothermia can cause sequestration of platelets in the spleen. Blood loss leading to platelet consumption and loss can be due to coagulopathies, such as vitamin K antagonist rodenticide toxicity and massive trauma.…”

Section: Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thrombocytopenia

Wang¹,

Brainard²

2015

Small Animal Critical Care Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) Envenomation of Dogs: 31 Cases (1982–2002)

Cited by 38 publications

References 14 publications

Cardiotoxicity, Inflammation, and Immune Response after Rattlesnake Envenomation in the Horse

Cardiotoxicity, Inflammation, and Immune Response after Rattlesnake Envenomation in the Horse

Successful Treatment of a Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis helleri) Bite in a Caracal (Caracal caracal)

Thrombocytopenia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About