Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE): A Description of the 1989 Outbreak, Recent Epidemiologic Trends, and the Association of Rainfall with EEE Occurrence

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Differentiation of Natural Disease from Act of Bioterrorism

“…Human cases occur sporadically [184]. The incubation period has not been defined but it likely to be 3-10 days.…”

“…Laboratory abnormalities include elevated white counts with a left shift, hyponatremia, and elevated CSF cells (lymphocytes) and protein. Mortality varies with patient age, from 30 % (children <20 years) to 56 % (adults >60 years); it is 24 % in middle age [184][185][186]. Permanent sequelae included behavioral changes, retardation, seizure disorders, and paralysis.…”

Vaccines and animal models for arboviral encephalitides

“…However, it was not until 1933 that the virus responsible for EEE was isolated from the brains of infected horses. Epizootics occur approximately every 5-10 years, and are associated with heavy rainfall, and warm water temperatures that increase the population of mosquito vectors (Grady et al, 1978;Morris, 1988;Letson et al, 1993;Mahmood and Crans, 1998;Takeda et al, in press). The largest recorded outbreak of EEEV occurred in 1947 in Louisiana and Texas, with 14,344 cases of equine encephalitis and 11,722 horse deaths (Chang and Trent, 1987).…”

Bats as Potential Reservoir Hosts for Vector-Borne Diseases

“…Regarding the latter species, they conclude with Kelser (1933) that it could not be the transmitting species at it did not occur sufficiently far northwards. Generally, epizootics of EEE occur every 5-10 years and are associated with increased mosquito populations resulting from heavy rainfall and warm weather (Grady et al 1978;Letson et al 1993;Mahmood and Crans 1998;Nalca et al 2003). Although birds seem to be the main reservoir hosts of EEEV, the virus has also been detected in bats.…”