Eastern Equine Encephalitis in a Free-ranging White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Tate, Cynthia M.; Howerth, Elizabeth W.; Stallknecht, David E.; Allison, Andrew B.; Fischer, John R.; Mead, Daniel G.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-41.1.241

Cited by 41 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The overall seropositivity rate of 10.2% in this study is similar to the 14% rate found in Georgia and the 7.1% rate found in Maine in 2010. [17][18][19] Culiseta melanura, the primary enzootic vector, and Coquillettidia, Culex, and Aedes spp., which are likely bridge vectors of EEEV, have previously been documented in Vermont. 9,16 These potential bridge vectors are widely distributed in Vermont, but the distribution of Cs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The white-tailed deer has been shown to be a reasonable sentinel species that is frequently exposed to EEEV. [17][18][19][20] White-tailed deer also represent a large proportion of the mammalian source for blood meals for the most common bridge vector species. 21 In addition, white-tailed deer have a summer home range that is about 1 mile in radius, to which they return faithfully.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serological Evidence for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity in White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in Vermont, 2010

Berl

Eisen²,

MacMillan³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Serum samples from 489 free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were screened for antibodies against the Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) using plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs). EEEV antibodies were detected in 10.2% of serum samples. This is the first evidence that EEEV is present in Vermont. Serum was collected from deer in all 14 counties in the state, and positive EEEV sera were found in 12 (85%) of 14 counties, suggesting statewide EEEV activity in Vermont. Analysis of the spatial distribution of PRNT-positive samples revealed a random distribution of EEEV throughout the state. The results indicate widespread EEEV activity in Vermont and suggest that EEEV is not a recent introduction to the state but that EEEV activity has not been detected until now.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Evidence for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity in White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in Vermont, 2010

Berl

Eisen²,

MacMillan³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…This species was selected as a sentinel for several reasons. First, several previous studies in the US (Hoff et al 1973, Bigler et al 1975, Tate et al 2005, Schmitt et al 2007) have reported EEEV antibody-positive sera among populations of free-ranging O. virginianus, demonstrating that deer frequently become infected with EEEV. Second, white-tailed deer form a significant proportion of the blood meals of EEEV bridge vectors, particularly Cq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Using Wild White-Tailed Deer to Detect Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity in Maine

Mutebi

Lubelczyk²,

Eisen³

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Serum from 226 free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was screened for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) antibodies using plaque reduction neutralization tests. EEEV antibodies were detected in 7.1% of samples. This is the first time EEEV antibodies have been detected in O. virginianus populations in the state of Maine (ME). The highest percentage of EEEV positive sera was in Somerset County (19%) in central ME, and this is the first time that EEEV activity has been detected in that County. EEEV RNA was not detected in any of the 150 harvested deer brain samples submitted to the ME Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife as a part of screening for Chronic Wasting Disease. This suggests that screening deer brains is not an efficient method to detect EEEV activity. For each serum sample tested, the geographic location in which the deer was harvested was recorded. Significant spatial clustering of antibody-positive sera samples was not detected. Relative to seronegative deer, seropositive deer were slightly more likely to be harvested in nonforested areas compared with forested areas. Results indicate that screening of free-ranging deer sera can be a useful tool for detecting EEEV activity in ME and other parts of North America.

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“…erraticus at the site generally peaked in the late summer and early autumn, when white-tailed deer were intensively targeted by this species. Deer can become infected with EEEV, and infected animals develop symptoms consistent with EEEV-induced neurological disease (Tate et al 2005, Schmitt et al 2007). However, the role that deer play in the transmission dynamics of EEEV is undetermined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Analysis of Feeding Patterns ofCulex erraticusin Central Alabama

Oliveira

Katholi²,

Burkett‐Cadena³

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Host blood meals in seven mosquito species previously shown to be infected with eastern equine encephalitis virus at a site in the Tuskegee National Forest in southcentral Alabama were investigated. Of 1374 blood meals derived from 88 different host species collected over 6 years from these seven mosquito species, 1099 were derived from Culex erraticus. Analysis of the temporal pattern of Cx. erraticus meals using a Runs test revealed that the patterns of feeding upon avian and mammalian hosts from March to September of each year were not randomly distributed over time. Similarly, meals taken from the three most commonly targeted host species (yellow-crowned night heron, great blue heron, and white-tailed deer) were not randomly distributed. A Tukey's two-way analysis of variance test demonstrated that although the temporal pattern of meals taken from avian hosts were consistent over the years, the patterns of meals taken from the individual host species were not consistent from year to year.

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Eastern Equine Encephalitis in a Free-ranging White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Cited by 41 publications

References 17 publications

Serological Evidence for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity in White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in Vermont, 2010

Serological Evidence for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity in White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in Vermont, 2010

Using Wild White-Tailed Deer to Detect Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity in Maine

Temporal Analysis of Feeding Patterns ofCulex erraticusin Central Alabama

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