Eating attitudes and behaviours in elite Canadian athletes with a spinal cord injury

Krempien, Jennifer; Barr, Susan I.

doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.11.005

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…A recent review indicated that the prevalence of LEA is largely unknown in this athletic population, and current literature is limited to findings from small cohorts within a specific sport or disability type. 7,[11][12][13]15,16,[23][24][25] The findings of the present investigation demonstrate that factors related to LEA, menstrual dysfunction, and low BMD are indeed present in an elite para athlete population, in both male and female athletes and despite disability or sport type. Focused efforts to determine energy requirements and the short-and long-term consequences of LEA in elite para athletes are essential to maximize the health and performance of this population.…”

Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Our results are similar to those of a previous study performed in a population of elite athletes with SCI which found an increased level of dietary restraint when using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), which was more prevalent among male athletes. 12 Prior studies among individuals with SCI indicate that energy expenditure may be reduced and can vary significantly according to injury level and completeness. 21 Additional concern regarding LEA has been raised in a number of studies, particularly in athletes with a SCI, indicating insufficient dietary energy and macronutrient intakes.…”

Section: Energy Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 The few studies that do exist indicate that LEA and low BMD is present within the para athlete population. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence of factors associated with LEA, menstrual dysfunction (if female), and low BMD in an elite para athlete population. A secondary outcome was to describe the differences among sex, disability type, and sport type in health issues stemming from LEA, thus serving to inform future prevention and educational strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health: A survey of elite para athletes

Brook

Tenforde

Broad

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Introduction: The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is a syndrome describing three interrelated conditions: low energy availability (LEA), menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density (BMD). Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) expands the Triad to include multiple physiologic consequences of LEA in both sexes. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of factors associated with the Triad/RED-S in an elite para athlete population. Methods: Athletes were U.S. elite para athletes training to qualify for the 2016 or the 2018 Paralympic Games. Participants completed an online questionnaire characterizing nutrition, menstrual status (in females), bone health, and awareness of the Triad/RED-S. Results: The athletes were 260 elite para athletes (150 male, 110 female). While few reported prior eating disorder (3.1%), 32.4% had elevated Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) pathologic behavior subscale scores. Most athletes (95 male, 65 female) were attempting to change their body composition or weight to improve performance. Forty-four percent of premenopausal females had oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea. Bone stress injury was reported in 9.2% of athletes; of these, 54.5% (n = 12) had low BMD. Less than 10% of athletes reported awareness of the Triad/RED-S. Conclusions: Factors associated with the Triad/RED-S are present in an elite para athlete population, regardless of sex or sport type. Awareness of the Triad/RED-S in para athletes is low. The consequences of LEA in para athlete populations are poorly understood. However, the high prevalence of factors observed suggests value in advancing screening tools and education efforts to optimize health in this population.

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Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Energy Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health: A survey of elite para athletes

Brook

Tenforde

Broad

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Nevertheless, athletes with restricted energy intake are at an increased risk of inadequate nutrient intake [ 4 , 5 ]. Until now, very few studies have examined the energy intake patterns of male wheelchair athletes, and all of these studies have reported low energy intake levels within this group relative to the intake levels of able-bodied athletes [ 15 – 17 ]. Only one study, on male Canadian wheelchair athletes, has shown inadequacies in the micronutrient intake [ 16 ], and because inadequate micronutrient intake can weaken one’s immune system, increasing the risks of illness, the intake of nutrient-dense foods, that can improve the adequacy of micronutrients, could improve the health of these athletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marginal Micronutrient Intake in High-Performance Male Wheelchair Basketball Players: A Dietary Evaluation and the Effects of Nutritional Advice

et al. 2016

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Wheelchair basketball has evolved into a high-performance sport over several years, and small variations in player performance can determine the difference between winning and losing. Therefore, adequate micronutrient intake may influence this difference if performance-promoting macronutrient intake and physical fitness are equal between teams. Seventeen elite male wheelchair basketball players belonging to the Spanish National Team participated in this study. Macro- and micronutrient intake were determined using a food-weighing diary over three consecutive days during three training camps in two consecutive years. Current Dietary Reference Intake levels were used to determine the adequacy of intake of seventeen micronutrients of particular interest for athletes. After categorizing the consumed foods into fourteen food groups according to the National Nutrient Database for Standard References (USDA) these groups were used to identify the best predictors of the adequacy of intake for each micronutrient. Total energy intake correlated positively with the adequacy of all micronutrient intake levels, except for vitamins A and E. Five B vitamins and phosphorus, selenium, and iron showed 100% adequacy. All other micronutrient intake levels were found to be inadequate, e.g., vitamin E (51% adequacy) and calcium (73%). The fruit, fish and cereal food groups were found to be predictors of adequate intake of most micronutrients. Together with energy intake (p = .009, η2 = 0.49), the intake of the fruit (p = .032, η2 = 0.39) and egg (p = .036, Kendall’s W = 0.42) food groups increased significantly over time, along with improved iodine (p = .008, W = 0.61) and magnesium (p = .030, W = 0.44) adequacy levels. Because the adequacy of micronutrient intake correlates positively with energy intake (R = 0.64, p < .001), a varied diet that includes cereals, fish and fruits is especially important for players with low levels of energy intake. Supplements may be a possible solution if adequate micronutrient intake cannot be achieved through regular dietary intake alone. However, dietary analyses should be conducted on a regular basis throughout the year to improve the nutritional knowledge of the athletes and assure adequate micronutrient intake.

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“…Likewise, their total energy intake may be equally reduced to maintain energy balance, possibly resulting in inadequate micronutrient intake. Krempien and Barr (2012) reported on the energy intake levels of male Canadian wheelchair athletes, and GooseyTolfrey and Crosland (2010) reported similar results for male British wheelchair athletes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Nutrition in High Performance Wheelchair Basketball in Two European Countries

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Eating attitudes and behaviours in elite Canadian athletes with a spinal cord injury

Cited by 23 publications

References 52 publications

Low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health: A survey of elite para athletes

Low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health: A survey of elite para athletes

Marginal Micronutrient Intake in High-Performance Male Wheelchair Basketball Players: A Dietary Evaluation and the Effects of Nutritional Advice

Nutrition in High Performance Wheelchair Basketball in Two European Countries

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