Eating behavior affects cardio-metabolic risk in high school teenagers in a developing country

Abstract

BACKGROUND Modernization negatively changes lifestyle, characterized by excessive eating and reduced energy consumption, and concurrently increases the cardiometabolic risk. This study was aimed to evaluate the association between eating behavior and cardio-metabolic risk factors including body mass index (BMI) in percentile, blood pressure (BP) in percentile, waist circumference, and heart rate in total subjects and gender sub-groups.
 METHODS This analytical cross-sectional study was done from July to November 2018. High schools in four provinces of Indonesia and students were selected using purposive sampling. Subjects’ profiles were collected from interview and cardio-metabolic parameters were measured at the study sites. Data were analyzed with chi-square and independent t-test.
 RESULTS Subjects who were overweight/obese and had high BP accounted for 27.1% and 9.3–12.0% of the total subjects (n = 768), respectively. Subjects who having breakfast tended to have lower BMI (p = 0.006), and the lower consumption of western meals had lower heart rate (p = 0.02). Male subjects had more meal frequency and had less quantity of snacks than female subjects (p<0.001). Male subjects with routine intake of vegetables had low heart rate (p = 0.03). Female subjects with routine breakfast had better BMI (p<0.001), and lower diastolic BP (p = 0.004) and waist circumference (p = 0.02), whereas those who consumed Western meals had higher heart rate (p = 0.046) and waist circumference (p = 0.001).
 CONCLUSIONS Eating behaviors are likely to affect cardio-metabolic risk factors, and the effects vary within gender groups.

Effect of age and gender on dietary patterns, mindful eating, body image and confidence

“…This is in contrast to the previous finding by Cronin and his colleagues, who found that women were more likely to consume low-calorie food, fruits and carbonated drinks, whereas men reported frequent consumption of meat, dietary products and carbohydrate- rich foods [ 12 ]. Numerous studies indicate that females reported to be more vulnerable to restrained, uncontrolled, and emotional eating behaviors leading to cardio and metabolic risk [ 14 , 49 , 52 ]. However, there is a significant gender difference for two dimension of EBP i.e.…”

The association between knowledge and cardiovascular risk in high school students in Bali Indonesia

“…The minimum number of samples is calculated with software from the web "the sample size calculator" (https://clincalc.com/stats/samplesize.aspx) with one study group vs. population design and the dichotomous data as the primary endpoint. The incidence population of the study parameter was 18% (Esfahani et al, 2016;WHO, 2021) and the incidence study group was 27.1% (Suhadi et al, 2020). We set α 0.05, β 0.2, power 0.8, and got a minimal sample of 153 respondents.…”