Eating local: influences of habitat on the diet of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus)

Clare, Elizabeth L.; Barber, BJ; Sweeney, Bernard W.; Hebert, Paul D. N.; Fenton, M. Brock

doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05040.x

Cited by 190 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This prediction can be tested by identifying and comparing the diversity of insect prey in the diets of sympatric HDC and LDC bats. Specifically, this can be done using DNA barcodes obtained from insect fragments in faeces in areas where HDC and LDC bats forage sympatrically (Clare et al, 2009;Clare et al, 2011; Goertlitz et al, 2010). HDC bats are expected to take fewer prey species and show more consistent patterns of prey selection.…”

Section: Advantages Of Hdc Echolocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of high duty cycle echolocation in bats

Fenton

Faure

Ratcliffe

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

112

129

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SummaryDuty cycle describes the relative ʻon timeʼ of a periodic signal. In bats, we argue that high duty cycle (HDC) echolocation was selected for and evolved from low duty cycle (LDC) echolocation because increasing call duty cycle enhanced the ability of echolocating bats to detect, lock onto and track fluttering insects. Most echolocators (most bats and all birds and odontocete cetaceans) use LDC echolocation, separating pulse and echo in time to avoid forward masking. They emit short duration, broadband, downward frequency modulated (FM) signals separated by relatively long periods of silence. In contrast, bats using HDC echolocation emit long duration, narrowband calls dominated by a single constant frequency (CF) separated by relatively short periods of silence. HDC bats separate pulse and echo in frequency by exploiting information contained in Doppler-shifted echoes arising from their movements relative to background objects and their prey. HDC echolocators are particularly sensitive to amplitude and frequency glints generated by the wings of fluttering insects. We hypothesize that narrowband/CF calls produced at high duty cycle, and combined with neurobiological specializations for processing Doppler-shifted echoes, were essential to the evolution of HDC echolocation because they allowed bats to detect, lock onto and track fluttering targets. This advantage was especially important in habitats with dense vegetation that produce overlapping, time-smeared echoes (i.e. background acoustic clutter). We make four specific, testable predictions arising from this hypothesis.Key words: Chiroptera, calling behaviour, signal design, Yinpterochiroptera, Yangochiroptera, flutter detection, Doppler shift compensation. Fig.1A-C). For the purpose of this paper, we define LDC bats as those producing signals with a duration <25% of their signal period during the search phase of echolocation. Most LDC bats produce echolocation calls with their larynx, although a handful of species in the family Pteropodidae use tongue clicks (Griffin et al., 1958;Yovel et al., 2010).HDC bats avoid auditory masking by separating pulse and echo in frequency, allowing them to broadcast calls and receive echoes at the same time (Schuller, 1974;Schuller, 1977). HDC bats take advantage of information contained in Doppler-shifted echoes generated by the relative movements of bat and target, including acoustic glints generated by the wingbeats of fluttering insects. Echolocation calls of HDC bats consist of a long CF component followed by a brief, downward FM sweep. In some species, the initial portion of the call also contains a short, upward FM sweep (Henson et al., 1987; Jones and Rayner, 1989). Narrowband calls of HDC bats are typically multi-harmonic with the highest signal energy in the second acoustic element (Pye and Roberts, 1970;Schnitzler and Denzinger, 2011). HDC bats emit long duration calls (e.g. 10 to >50ms) relative to their call period ( Fig.1D-F). We operationally define HDC bats as those whose signal durations are ≥25% of...

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Section: Advantages Of Hdc Echolocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of high duty cycle echolocation in bats

Fenton

Faure

Ratcliffe

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

112

129

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“…One potential avenue to pursue would be dietary preference. Although many, and perhaps most, vespertilionid bats are considered generalist insectivores 37,38 there are species that may provide examples of dietary variation sufficient for detecting differences in gene expression. Several species of Myotis including M. vivesi, 39 M. capaccinii,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transposable elements and small RNAs: Genomic fuel for species diversity

Hoffmann

McGuire

Counterman

et al. 2015

Mobile Genetic Elements

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“…DNA barcoding is now being used to characterise food items from insect guts (Greenstone et al, 2005;Jurado-Rivera et al, 2009), fish stomachs (Valdez-Moreno et al, 2012) or mammal faeces (Bohmann et al, 2011;Clare et al, 2011;Pompanon et al, 2012), dead hosts of parasites from their larval remains (Hrcek et al, 2011), insect parasitoids dissected from caterpillars (Hrcek et al, 2011), hosts from DNA remaining in parasites (Rougerie et al, 2011) and bloodmeals in ticks (Gariepy et al, 2012). Kaartinen et al (2010), Hrcek et al (2011) and Smith et al (2012) have applied DNA barcoding to the analysis of complex insect food webs.…”

Section: Comparing Trophic Interactions Across Multiple Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA barcoding in floral and faunal research

Miller¹

2015

Descriptive Taxonomy

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As I write this chapter in mid 2012, the context in which floral and faunal research is done is changing rapidly. Demand for biodiversity information, especially to understand global change, is increasing. The technologies that are available for carrying out biodiversity research and for disseminating the results are changing dramatically. The funding processes and organisational cultures of the institutions that have been the traditional homes of such research are evolving. This creates new challenges and opportunities for floral and faunal research. This chapter will focus on the intersection of DNA barcoding with floral and faunal research, the opportunities that DNA barcoding offers for increasing the quality and quantity of such work, and its connectivity with related activities. I will discuss the opportunities for DNA barcoding and then provide an example from my own research. The essay focuses on plants and animals, but will include some reference to other organisms. Because of the rapid evolution of the underlying technologies, and the related social changes, this essay represents a 'slice of time', and I expect some of the conclusions will be out of date before it is published. While challenges remain, I believe this is an exciting time of renaissance for taxonomy (Miller, 2007).A DNA barcode is a short gene sequence taken from standardised portions of the genome, used to identify species. Being DNA based, it can be used for specimens without morphological characters necessary for traditional identifications, such as roots or immature insects. Being a short sequence, it can be extracted from material that has not been specially preserved, and can often be extracted from standard museum or herbarium specimens. Being from a standardised region allows the use of universal primers for unknown taxa and allows rapid compilation of a global reference library. The choice of gene regions has focused on species level identification. While barcoding is not intended as a tool for higher classification research or for population genetics research, sometimes the barcoding gene regions have useful information at those levels (Craft et al., 2010). The present status of DNA barcodingWhile molecular diagnostics have been used for many years, DNA barcoding as a global initiative started by Hebert et al. (2003), who, among other things, pointed out that a standardised choice of gene region for species-level diagnosis allows individual projects of whatever scale to contribute to a global reference library that becomes increasingly more powerful over time. Mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) had been widely used in animals since Folmer et al. (1994) and was quickly adopted as a community standard following Hebert et al. (2003). Standardised gene regions for plants proved more challenging for technical reasons, but are now designated as rbcL and matK, with additional research on trnH-psbA (Hollingsworth et al., 2009). The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has been selected as a universal DNA b...

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Eating local: influences of habitat on the diet of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus)

Cited by 190 publications

References 32 publications

Evolution of high duty cycle echolocation in bats

Evolution of high duty cycle echolocation in bats

Transposable elements and small RNAs: Genomic fuel for species diversity

DNA barcoding in floral and faunal research

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