Eating out of home: energy, macro- and micronutrient intakes in 10 European countries. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the contribution of out-of-home (OH) energy and nutrient intake to total dietary intake, and to compare out-versus in-home nutrient patterns among 27 centres in 10 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Methods: Between 1995 and 2000, 36 034 participants aged between 35-74 years completed a standardized 24-h dietary recall using a software programme (EPIC-Soft) that recorded the place of food/drink consumption. Eating OH was defined as the consumption of foods and beverages anywhere other than in household premises, irrespective of the place of purchase/ Correspondence: P Orfanos, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, Athens 11527, Greece. E-mail: orfanos@nut.uoa.gr Guarantor: A Trichopoulou. Contributors: PO was the coordinator for the analyses conducted in this paper and for drafting the article. NS was the overall coordinator of this project and of the EPIC nutritional databases (ENDB) project. AN, AT, SG, JMA-B, MvB and UE, as members of the working group on 'Eating out and nutrient intakes', gave input on statistical analyses, interpretation of results and drafting of the article. The other co-authors were local EPIC collaborators involved in data collection and documentation and in compiling and evaluating the subset of their national nutrient databases used in the ENDB. ER is the overall coordinator of the EPIC study. All co-authors provided comments and suggestions on the article and approved the final version. preparation. Nutrient intakes were estimated using a standardized nutrient database. Mean intakes were adjusted for age and weighted by season and day of recall. Results: Among women, OH eating contributed more to total fat intake than to intakes of protein and carbohydrates. Among both genders, and particularly in southern Europe, OH eating contributed more to sugar and starch intakes and less to total fibre intake. The contribution of OH eating was also lower for calcium and vitamin C intakes. The composition of diet at home was different from that consumed out of home in southern countries, but was relatively similar in the north. Conclusions: In northern Europe, OH and in-home eating are homogeneous, whereas southern Europeans consider OH eating as a distinctive occasion. In most centres, women selected more fat-rich items when eating out.

Gender difference in the association between food away-from-home consumption and body weight outcomes among Chinese adults

“…Our results concurred with previous studies that showed higher FAFH consumption may play an important role in the current obesity epidemic for adults. Away-fromhome eating has been shown to be characterized by high energy and fat intakes, especially saturated fat, along with low micronutrient intakes (7)(8)(9)20,21) , which could explain why more FAFH consumption increases the body weight indicators. A national survey among Korean adults reported that heavy FAFH consumption (obtaining ≥5858 kJ (≥1400 kcal) from FAFH per day), specifically at fullservice restaurants, was significantly related to higher BMI and WC, in which larger associations were found at higher quantiles (12) .…”

“…The share of urban food expenditure on FAFH rose from 14·7 % in 2000 to 20·6 % in 2008 (6) . A large body of literature has shown that FAFH consumption is associated with high intakes of energy and saturated fat, and low micronutrient intakes (7)(8)(9)(10) .Meanwhile, other studies in developed countries have reported a relationship between increased FAFH consumption and higher BMI or risk of obesity, which varied by away-from-home location (11)(12)(13) . However, most previous studies focused on the association of FAFH with weight-related indicators evaluated at the mean level, which do not take into account different conditions across the entire distribution of weight-related indicators.…”

“…The share of urban food expenditure on FAFH rose from 14·7 % in 2000 to 20·6 % in 2008 (6) . A large body of literature has shown that FAFH consumption is associated with high intakes of energy and saturated fat, and low micronutrient intakes (7)(8)(9)(10) .…”

Workplace foodservice; perception of quality and trust

“…Frequent out-of-home consumption has been associated with higher energy intakes, and a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity (Orfanos et al 2009). This positive relationship between the rise in consumption of food prepared outside the home and the increasing prevalence of obesity is a major global health and wellbeing societal challenge.…”

Influencing and modifying children's energy intake: the role of portion size and energy density

“…Indeed, eating out-of-home is associated with increased EI and fat intakes (18)(19)(20) , and is an independent risk factor for obesity (21)(22)(23) . This is of particular concern given the increased frequency of out-of-home eating over time.…”