Eating patterns of Australian adults: associations with blood pressure and hypertension prevalence

Abstract

Purpose Eating patterns have been linked to obesity, an established risk factor for hypertension; however, their contribution to hypertension is poorly understood. This study aimed to examine associations of frequency of meals, snacks and all eating occasions (EO), and temporal eating patterns, with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. Methods Dietary data collected via two 24-h recalls during the 2011-2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n = 4482 adults, ≥ 19 years) were analysed. Frequencies of EO, meals, and snacks were calculated. Temporal eating patterns were determined using latent class analysis. Multivariate regression models assessed associations of eating patterns with systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and hypertension prevalence. Results Among men, a higher snack frequency was inversely associated with DBP [β = − 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) (− 1.12, − 0.07)] and hypertension [odds ratio (OR) 0.86, 95% CI (0.75, 0.98)] after adjustment for covariates and BMI. However, these associations disappeared after additional adjustment for total energy intake and overall diet quality. Among women, a temporal eating pattern characterized by a later "lunch" meal was associated with SBP [β = 2.45, 95% CI (0.05, 4.84)], DBP [β = 1.69, 95% CI (0.25, 3.13)], and hypertension [OR = 1.49, 95% CI (1.00, 2.22)], when compared to a "conventional" eating pattern. Conclusions In this study, an inverse association found between snack frequency and BP among men disappeared after adjustment for dietary factors and a "later lunch" pattern was associated with higher BP in women. Future research is needed to understand the relationship and potential mechanistic pathways between eating patterns and BP.

Association of Time-of-Day Energy Intake Patterns with Nutrient Intakes, Diet Quality, and Insulin Resistance

“…Epidemiological studies suggest meal timing or time of energy intake has a relationship with obesity [10,14,26,27], blood pressure [12,28,29], and type 2 diabetes [10,30], but study examining time-of-day patterns of energy intake in relation to insulin resistance is lacking. The "Evening dominant pattern" observed in the present study was associated with higher insulin resistance risk, compared with the "Noon dominant pattern", after adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and other cardiometabolic risk factors.…”

“…However, most studies focused on isolated eating occasions, rather than the full spectrum of eating occasions, or the time-of-day or temporal eating pattern. Accordingly, recent analyses of the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) identified distinct temporal eating patterns by latent class analysis [3] and further examined the associations of latent temporal eating patterns with nutrient intake, diet quality, and measures of adiposity [11] and hypertension [12]. These studies provide novel approaches Nutrients 2021, 13, 725 2 of 14 to assess variation in the timing of eating occasions over the day and their potential association with cardiometabolic factors.…”

An eating pattern characterised by skipped or delayed breakfast is associated with mood disorders among an Australian adult cohort

“…The Grazing pattern's spread of food intake across daytime hours could represent snacking type behaviour and varied eating schedules. Irregular meal schedules, including skipped meals, snacking and delayed lunch, have been associated with unfavourable health outcomes including obesity, depressed mood and hypertension (Gill and Panda, 2015; Furihata et al ., 2018; Leech et al ., 2019).…”

Trajectories of Energy Intake Distribution and Risk of Dyslipidemia: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991–2018)

“…We found four distinct energy intake distribution trajectory groups, of which "Energy evenly distributed group" (Group 1) including 59.0% of participants, "Lunch and dinner energy dominant group" (Group 2) including 27.4% of participants, "Dinner energy dominant group" (Group 3) including 11.7% of participants, and "breakfast and dinner energy dominant group" (Group 4) including 1.9% of participants, indicating most people kept a balanced meal pattern in our study. Although keeping a balanced meal pattern was indicated to be associated with lower BMI and SBP in previous researches [13,15,30], there are still scarce evidence as for which pattern of energy distribution is more beneficial or detrimental to health [31].…”