Ebola virus: A global public health menace: A narrative review

Abstract

Ebola virus disease (EVD), a fatal viral hemorrhagic illness, is due to infection with the Ebola virus of the Filoviridae family. The disease has evolved as a global public health menace due to a large immigrant population. Initially, the patients present with nonspecific influenza-like symptoms and eventually terminate into shock and multiorgan failure. There exists no specific treatment protocol for EVD and only supportive and symptomatic therapy is the line of treatment. This review article provides a detailed overview of the Ebola virus; it's clinical and oral manifestations, diagnostic aids, differential diagnosis, preventive aspects, and management protocol.

Evolution, Ecology, and Zoonotic Transmission of Betacoronaviruses: A Review

“…A similar database and extraction protocol to that discussed by Olival et al ( 41 ) has also been developed for MERS-CoV virus host species distribution and risk of zoonotic infection, which can be used for future mapping efforts for MERS-CoV and other infectious diseases ( 297 ). In the case of a more species-restricted virus, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), found in Hypsignathus monstrosus Allen, Eucalyptus torquate Luehm, and Mecynorhina torquata Drury, fruit bats of Pteropodidae family and mainly located in Africa, modeling of possible zoonotic transmission has identified regional spread in Africa and India as a possible future outbreak risk due to bat distribution and bat-human contact probabilities ( 298 , 299 ). The example of the frequent human infection associated with HCoV-NL63 suggests that highly pathogenic variants have ample opportunity to evolve different strategies for binding to the ACE2 receptor or other pathways of zoonoses ( 286 ).…”

Parallel Outbreaks of Deadly Pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, H5N8, EVD, Black Fungi) around East Africa and Asia in 2021: Priorities for Outbreak Management with Socio-Economic and Public Health Impact

“…According to the mode of transmission of EVD, physical contact with the patient's blood, body fluids (saliva, semen, and breast milk), conjunctival and vaginal discharges, and sexual intercourse are majorly responsible for EVD transmission, whereas conventional burial procedures were responsible for more than 68% of transmission of EVD in Guinea in 2014 [82]. Moreover, the consumption of infected animal meat, such as bats or chimpanzees, is also responsible for transmission to humans through its zoonotic nature [83]. From the mode of transmission, it has been proved that avoiding unsafe traditional burial, avoiding unprotected sex, avoiding dead animal handling, contact tracing, personal hygiene, fruits and vegetables cleanliness, environmental safety management, etc., are the major contaminant measures for the control and prevention of EVD in the affected areas, along with proper vaccination and medication [82].…”

Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses

“…Ebola virüsünün cinsel yolla da bulaştığına dair kanıtlar vardır (23,24) . Doğru enfeksiyon kontrol önlemlerini kullanmayan sağlık çalışanları da dâhil olmak üzere enfekte hastalara bakım sağlayan kişiler, enfeksiyon için en yüksek riski taşımaktadırlar (25,26) . Ebola virüs hastalığının 2 ila 21 gün arasında değişen bir kuluçka süresi vardır.…”