Ebola virus disease

Abstract

Ebolaviruses are pathogenic agents associated with a severe, potentially fatal, systemic disease in man and great apes. Four species of ebolaviruses have been identified in west or equatorial Africa. Once the more virulent forms enter the human population, transmission occurs primarily through contact with infected body fluids and can result in major epidemics in under-resourced settings. These viruses cause a disease characterised by systemic viral replication, immune suppression, abnormal inflammatory responses, major fluid and electrolyte losses, and high mortality. Despite recent progress on vaccines, and with no licensed prophylaxis or treatment available, case management is essentially supportive with management of severe multiple organ failure resulting from immune-mediated cell damage. The 2013-16 outbreak was classified by WHO as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, which drew attention to the challenges of diseases caused by infections with ebolaviruses and questioned scientific, clinical, and societal preparation to handle future epidemics.

New and emerging infectious diseases (Ebola, Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Candida auris): Focus on environmental survival and germicide susceptibility

“…Patients with EVD should be provided appropriate critical care including fluid and electrolyte replacement; oxygen therapy to maintain oxygen status; medications to support blood pressure, reducing vomiting and diarrhea, and to manage fever and pain; oral or parenteral nutrition; and treating coexisting infections (eg, malaria), if present. [33][34] Although there are currently no antiviral drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a number of therapies are under investigation including antibody-based therapies (eg, convalescent blood products, monoclonal antibodies), and drugs and small molecules (eg, Ebola virus gene expression inhibitors, and Ebola virus entry and inhibitors). [33][34][35] A number of preventive vaccines are currently in clinical trials.…”

“…[33][34] Although there are currently no antiviral drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a number of therapies are under investigation including antibody-based therapies (eg, convalescent blood products, monoclonal antibodies), and drugs and small molecules (eg, Ebola virus gene expression inhibitors, and Ebola virus entry and inhibitors). [33][34][35] A number of preventive vaccines are currently in clinical trials. [33][34][35] Environmental contamination and survival Ebola virus has been isolated by cell culture from multiple body fluids of infected or convalescent patients including blood, saliva, stool, vaginal fluid, sweat, and urine for days or months after illness.…”

“…[33][34][35] A number of preventive vaccines are currently in clinical trials. [33][34][35] Environmental contamination and survival Ebola virus has been isolated by cell culture from multiple body fluids of infected or convalescent patients including blood, saliva, stool, vaginal fluid, sweat, and urine for days or months after illness. 36 Given the high volume of diarrhea and vomiting and the potential for fomite transmission, the frequency of environmental contamination and survival of Ebola virus is of high concern.…”

Viral replicons as valuable tools for drug discovery

“…The 2013-2016 EBOV outbreak in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea, and the ongoing epidemic in the Democratic Republic of Congo, led to a sharp increase in funding and efforts to develop vaccines and therapeutics against Ebola and related filoviruses. EBOV causes viral haemorrhagic fever with mortality rates of up to 80%, and the virus has to be handled in BSL 4 conditions [96].…”

Qu’apprend-t-on de nouveau des épidémies émergentes ?

“…), ainsi que les liens avec la communauté : retour accompagné des guéris (dénommés « survivants » ou « vainqueurs ») à leur domicile, visite du CTE par les écoles, les chefs traditionnels, les personnalités locales. En pratique clinique, seuls les résultats des PCR ciblant l'ARN de la NP sont utilisés, leurs niveaux de valeur étant plus bas de 4 à 5 unités que ceux de ciblant l'ARN de la GP virale[69]. désormais de pratique courante, sans pour autant avoir, à ce jour, amélioré le pronostic catastrophique des patients dont la charge virale initiale est élevée (c'est à dire avec un nombre de cycles [Ct] < 20)[70,71].…”