“…While some articles describe the building permit process using words (Sonntag and Wimmer, 2003), or tables (Meijer and Visscher, 2006;Yaakup et al, 2007;Karoui and Sassi, 2016), others introduced visualization tools to describe the process steps. For example, individual kinds of flow charts (Kettner and Diaz, 2000;Nawari and Alsaffar, 2017;De Lima-Omorog et al, 2018;Shahi et al, 2019;Fawzy and Magdi, 2020;Kim et al, 2020;Whitell et al, 2020), BPMN maps (Plazza et al, 2019), and other types of visualization tools such as discrete event simulation (Feng et al, 2009); or total free types of visualization (e.g. (Kpamma and Adjei-Kumi, 2013;Eirinaki et al, 2016)) were used.…”