Eccentric Growth and Growth Stress in Inclined Stems of Gnetum Gnemon

Shirai, T.; Yamamoto, Hiroyuki; Yoshida, Masato; Inatsugu, Mikuri; Ko, Chisato; Fukushima, Kazuhiko; Matsushita, Yasuyuki; Yagami, Sachie; Lahjie, Abubakar M.; Sawada, Mitsuaki; Kule, Abraham

doi:10.1163/22941932-20150107

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The lsW of its leaning stem shows eccentric growth, similar to CW in conifers, although Shirai et al (2015) reported that the usW of this species shows eccentric growth, similar to TW in angiosperms. The G. gnemon CW primarily contains syringyl units (S-units), G-units, and a smaller amount of H-units in its GS-lignin, and the S/G ratio of its usW is higher than that of its lsW (Nawawi et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Characteristic of β-O-4 structures in different reaction wood lignins of Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B. and four other woody species

et al. 2016

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Lignin analyses were performed on the reaction woods of five tropical wood species. The reaction woods of these five species and that of Gnetum gnemon L. (previously reported) were categorized into three types based on eccentric thickening growth and p-hydroxyphenyl/ guaiacyl/syringyl (H/G/S) ratios: compression wood (CW) containing GH-lignin observed in gymnosperms (GH-lignin-CW), tension wood (TW) containing GS-lignin observed in angiosperms (GS-lignin-TW), and reaction wood that resembles CW and contains GS-lignin (GSlignin-CW). GS-lignin-CW is an unusual type that was found in the angiosperm Eusideroxylon zwageri and in the gymnosperm G. gnemon. The erythro/threo ratio of the β-O-4 structures and the S/G ratio were higher on the upper side (usW) of the leaning wood stem or branch, and both ratios decreased along the periphery of the stem toward the lower side (lsW). Except for a difference in thickening growth, these distribution patterns were similar to the GSlignin-TW patterns for Melia azedarach L. and Avicennia sp. Reaction wood of Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen was also classified as a GS-lignin-TW, but this was lacking a clear distribution pattern. In contrast, the GH-lignin-CW of the usW of Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese had a low erythro/threo ratio, which increased toward the lsW along with increasing lignin contents and H/G ratios.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Characteristic of β-O-4 structures in different reaction wood lignins of Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B. and four other woody species

et al. 2016

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“…Within species, there is a gradient in CW severity, from light CW generating weak compression to severe CW with larger compression. TW is typically found in angiosperm species, although it has also been found in Gnetales [38], a taxon more related to gymnosperms than angiosperms. Different forms of TW exist.…”

Section: Different Forms Of Mechanically Active Woodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical review on the mechanisms of maturation stress generation in trees

Alméras

Clair

2016

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Trees control their posture by generating asymmetric mechanical stress around the periphery of the trunk or branches. This stress is produced in wood during the maturation of the cell wall. When the need for reaction is high, it is accompanied by strong changes in cell organization and composition called reaction wood, namely compression wood in gymnosperms and tension wood in angiosperms. The process by which stress is generated in the cell wall during its formation is not yet known, and various hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. Here we aim at discriminating between these models. First, we summarize current knowledge about reaction wood structure, state and behaviour relevant to the understanding of maturation stress generation. Then, the mechanisms proposed in the literature are listed and discussed in order to identify which can be rejected based on their inconsistency with current knowledge at the frontier between plant science and mechanical engineering.

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“…Gnetum gnemon L. is a gymnosperm species and an evergreen tree distributed in South East Asia. The secondary xylem structure in G. gnemon is similar to that in angiosperms [13,14]. Unlike the typical secondary xylem of gymnosperms, which is mainly composed of tracheids, axial parenchyma, and ray parenchyma [3,8], the secondary xylem of G. gnemon contains fiber tracheids and vessel elements in addition to tracheids and parenchyma [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Tomlinson [15,16] reported the reaction tissue in G. gnemon is formed by the formation of a G-layer in the secondary phloem on the upper side of inclined branches. Recently, Shirai et al [14] reported that inclined G. gnemon stems showed eccentric growth, with excessive tensile growth stress on the upper side. They also reported a lack of G-layer formation in either tracheids or fiber tracheids on both upper and lower sides in secondary xylem of inclined stems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also reported a lack of G-layer formation in either tracheids or fiber tracheids on both upper and lower sides in secondary xylem of inclined stems. From Shirai et al [14], it is considered that reaction wood in G. gnemon is formed on the upper side of inclined stems or branches, which might be regarded as 'tension-wood-likereaction wood'. However, the details of the alterations of the anatomical characteristics and lignin distribution during reaction wood formation in G. gnemon branches are still unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reaction wood anatomy and lignin distribution in Gnetum gnemon branches

et al. 2018

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This study investigated the anatomical and chemical characteristics of the reaction wood of a gymnpsperm species, Gnetum gnemon, and discussed on contributing factor for the type of reaction wood in this species. Cell morphology, microfibril angle (MFA) of the S 2 layer and lignin distribution in secondary walls of tracheary elements, and lignin content were examined on three branches. Observations included no G-layer formation, significant decreases in vessel frequency, and altered MFA, and visible-light absorbance after lignin colour reactions in tracheid and fiber tracheid walls on the upper side in almost all samples. These results suggest that reaction wood in G. gnemon was similar to that in 'tension-wood-like-reaction wood' in angiosperms. On the other hand, reaction wood showed decrease in the lignin concentration in the fiber tracheid walls compared to the tracheid walls. In addition, the lignin in the tracheid and fiber tracheid walls was originally rich in syringyl units, suggesting that changes in the anatomical and chemical characteristics of secondary xylem due to reaction wood formation might relate to the ratio of the syringyl to guaiacyl units in lignin in the cell walls which function for mechanical support.

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Eccentric Growth and Growth Stress in Inclined Stems of Gnetum Gnemon

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Characteristic of β-O-4 structures in different reaction wood lignins of Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B. and four other woody species

Characteristic of β-O-4 structures in different reaction wood lignins of Eusideroxylon zwageri T. et B. and four other woody species

Critical review on the mechanisms of maturation stress generation in trees

Reaction wood anatomy and lignin distribution in Gnetum gnemon branches

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