Echem methods and electrode types of the current in vivo electrochemical sensing

Abstract

For a long time, people have been eager to realize continuous real-time online monitoring of biological compounds. Fortunately, in vivo electrochemical biosensor technology has greatly promoted the development of biological compound detection.

Advancements in Brain Research: The In Vivo/In Vitro Electrochemical Detection of Neurochemicals

“…The complexity of the brain’s environment and the fluctuating nature of neurochemicals during different physiological and pathological processes set stringent requirements for analytical methods in in vivo cerebral neurochemical monitoring. Within this domain, two major categories—implanted microsensors and microdialysis sampling—have demonstrated robust application prospects [ 3 ]. These technologies have rapidly advanced in recent years, fortifying in vivo neurochemical analysis.…”

Biodegradable Microelectrodes for Monitoring the Dynamics of Extracellular Ca2+ in Rat Brain

“…In vivo analysis of brain activities including physical and chemical signals is of vital importance not only to understand the dynamic processes of neuroplasticity like memory, learning, and emotion but also to explore the therapies of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson. − Different from physical signals (e.g., temperature, pressure, and potential), dynamic monitoring of chemical signals has been a huge problem, because they are diverse and their dynamics are usually difficult to track. − One of the simplest and most promising methods to detect the dynamics of various chemical signals (e.g., ions, neurotransmitters, and other biomolecules) in different brain regions is electrochemical analysis based on microelectrodes due to its high spatial and temporal resolution and interface designability. − However, although great advances have been achieved in selective sensing of neurochemicals through modulating the electron transfer and ion transfer of microelectrodes and in improved biocompatibility of microelectrodes by applying flexible materials and modifying antifouling coatings, monitoring the dynamics for a long time is still challenging due to these materials being permanent. − These permanent microelectrodes still cause chronic health risks and inevitable secondary surgical injury for long-term monitoring. , The biodegradable material has attracted increasing attention to implantable devices because it can be biodegraded into biocompatible products in vivo after performing their intended functions. − Therefore, it is expected to develop biodegradable microelectrodes for dynamic monitoring of chemical signals over a long time.…”