Echocardiographic assessment of feline false tendons and their relationship with focal thickening of the left ventricle

Wolf, Olivier; Imgrund, Michael; Wess, Gerhard

doi:10.1016/j.jvc.2016.08.008

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It is believed, based on the observed etiology, pathogenesis and histopathology, that a diastolic disability has occurred in this case, with compensatory concentric hypertrophy due to the low cardiac output, leading to the death of the cardiomyocytes and replacement by fibrous tissue with subsequent cardiac dilation, thinning of ventricular wall and a decrease in systolic function observed in echocardiography, as already alerted [2] [11] [12]. However, some authors [1] [13] don't believe in the possibility of MBLV causing heart disease in cats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excessive Moderator Band in a Female Cat’s Left Ventricle

Cavalcanti¹,

Gazzinelli²,

Varaschin³

et al. 2018

OJVM

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This report describes a case of cardiomyopathy associated with excessive moderator bands in a 7 years old cat. In the cat echocardiography examination was observed cardiomegaly, decreased systolic function and thinning of the left ventricle wall. The electrocardiogram showed the occurrence of supraventricular tachycardia. The treatment was initiated with digoxin, furosemide and taurine supplementation, with an improvement of the clinical signs, however the animal died in a fall. The diagnosis of cardiomyopathy associated with excessive moderator band, was based on the multiple cardiac bunds which connect the septum to the free wall of the left ventricle observed in the cat necropsy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excessive Moderator Band in a Female Cat’s Left Ventricle

Cavalcanti¹,

Gazzinelli²,

Varaschin³

et al. 2018

OJVM

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“…No difference was found in other studies, though [ 8 , 13 , 17 , 25 ]. Potential reasons for the discrepancy between IVSd and LVPWd could include true differences, systematic measurement or recording error, imaging artifact in the near field, contamination of the region of interest with papillary muscles or chordae tendineae of the right ventricle, and inclusion of false tendons often found in the LV outflow tract in normal cats [ 15 , 18 , 19 , 38 ]. However, the presence of false tendons seems rather problematic when M-mode echocardiography is used but is less likely with 2D measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference intervals and allometric scaling of two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements in 150 healthy cats

Karsten

Stephanie

Yildiz

2017

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of body weight (BW), breed, and sex on two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic measures, reference ranges, and prediction intervals using allometrically-scaled data of left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) size and LV wall thickness in healthy cats. Study type was retrospective, observational, and clinical cohort. 150 healthy cats were enrolled and 2D echocardiograms analyzed. LA diameter, LV wall thickness, and LV dimension were quantified using three different imaging views. The effect of BW, breed, sex, age, and interaction (BW*sex) on echocardiographic variables was assessed using univariate and multivariate regression and linear mixed model analysis. Standard (using raw data) and allometrically scaled (Y=a × Mb) reference intervals and prediction intervals were determined. BW had a significant (P<0.05) independent effect on 2D variables whereas breed, sex, and age did not. There were clinically relevant differences between reference intervals using mean ± 2SD of raw data and mean and 95% prediction interval of allometrically-scaled variables, most prominent in larger (>6 kg) and smaller (<3 kg) cats. A clinically relevant difference between thickness of the interventricular septum (IVS) and dimension of the LV posterior wall (LVPW) was identified. In conclusion, allometric scaling and BW-based 95% prediction intervals should be preferred over conventional 2D echocardiographic reference intervals in cats, in particular in small and large cats. These results are particularly relevant to screening examinations for feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

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“…8,[84][85][86] Generally, this measurement should include endocardial surfaces (eg, leading to trailing edge for the interventricular septum) and care should always be taken to exclude LV and right ventricular papillary muscles, regions of endocardial thickening, areas where false tendons insert and the pericardium. 8,122 LA size and function Assessment of LA size is important in any cat with a left-sided cardiomyopathy, including HCM, and is within reach of most veterinarians who have received training (Figure 9). of the cardiomyopathic process, in the absence of increased atrial pressure, is not a recognized entity).…”

Section: Wall Thickeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 8 , 84 – 86 Generally, this measurement should include endocardial surfaces (eg, leading to trailing edge for the interventricular septum) and care should always be taken to exclude LV and right ventricular papillary muscles, regions of endocardial thickening, areas where false tendons insert and the pericardium. 8 , 122 …”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Feline Cardiomyopathies: 2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Kittleson

Côté

2021

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Practical relevance: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common form of feline cardiomyopathy observed clinically and may affect up to approximately 15% of the domestic cat population, primarily as a subclinical disease. Fortunately, severe HCM, leading to heart failure or arterial thromboembolism (ATE), only occurs in a small proportion of these cats. Patient group: Domestic cats of any age from 3 months upward, of either sex and of any breed, can be affected. A higher prevalence in male and domestic shorthair cats has been reported. Diagnostics: Subclinical feline HCM may or may not produce a heart murmur or gallop sound. Substantial left atrial enlargement can often be identified radiographically in cats with severe HCM. Biomarkers should not be relied on solely to diagnose the disease. While severe feline HCM can usually be diagnosed via echocardiography alone, feline HCM with mild to moderate left ventricular (LV) wall thickening is a diagnosis of exclusion, which means there is no definitive test for HCM in these cats and so other disorders that can cause mild to moderate LV wall thickening (eg, hyperthyroidism, systemic hypertension, acromegaly, dehydration) need to be ruled out. Key findings: While a genetic cause of HCM has been identified in two breeds and is suspected in another, for most cats the cause is unknown. Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) is the most common cause of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DLVOTO) and, in turn, the most common cause of a heart murmur with feline HCM. While severe DLVOTO is probably clinically significant and so should be treated, lesser degrees probably are not. Furthermore, since SAM can likely be induced in most cats with HCM, the distinction between HCM without obstruction and HCM with obstruction (HOCM) is of limited importance in cats. Diastolic dysfunction, and its consequences of abnormally increased atrial pressure leading to signs of heart failure, and sluggish atrial blood flow leading to ATE, is the primary abnormality that causes clinical signs and death in affected cats. Treatment (eg, loop diuretics) is aimed at controlling heart failure. Preventive treatment (eg, antithrombotic drugs) is aimed at reducing the risk of complications (eg, ATE). Conclusions: Most cats with HCM show no overt clinical signs and live a normal or near-normal life despite this disease. However, a substantial minority of cats develop overt clinical signs referable to heart failure or ATE that require treatment. For most cats with clinical signs caused by HCM, the long-term prognosis is poor to grave despite therapy. Areas of uncertainty: Genetic mutations (variants) that cause HCM have been identified in a few breeds, but, despite valiant efforts, the cause of HCM in the vast majority of cats remains unknown. No treatment currently exists that reverses or even slows the cardiomyopathic process in HCM, again despite valiant efforts. The search goes on.

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Echocardiographic assessment of feline false tendons and their relationship with focal thickening of the left ventricle

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Excessive Moderator Band in a Female Cat’s Left Ventricle

Excessive Moderator Band in a Female Cat’s Left Ventricle

Reference intervals and allometric scaling of two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements in 150 healthy cats

The Feline Cardiomyopathies: 2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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