Echocardiographic evaluation of changes in left ventricular size and valvular regurgitation associated with physical training during and after maturity in Standardbred trotters

Buhl, Rikke; Ersbøll, Annette Kjær

doi:10.2460/javma.240.2.205

Cited by 39 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…In the present study there was no support for an increased cardiac volume based on the size of the left ventricle, nor of blood volume. This is in contrast to Buhl and Ersbøll [ 40 ] where an increase in the size of the left ventricle with training and age was reported for Standardbred horses at the age of 2–3.5 years. The reason for lack of response in the size of the left ventricle in the present study is unclear but may be due to a low number of observations.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 97%

Reduced high intensity training distance had no effect on VLa4 but attenuated heart rate response in 2-3-year-old Standardbred horses

Ringmark

Lindholm²,

Hedenström³

et al. 2015

Acta Vet Scand

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BackgroundTraining of Standardbred race horses aims to improve cardiovascular and metabolic functions but studies on the effects of different training strategies from breaking till racing are lacking. Sixteen horses with the goal to race as 3-year-olds were studied from breaking (1-year-olds) to December as 3-year-olds. Horses were allocated to either a control (C) or reduced (R) training program from 2 years of age. The aim was to evaluate the effect of reducing the distance of high intensity exercise by 30% with respect to velocity at lactate concentration 4 mmol/l (VLa4), blood lactate and cardiovascular response. All training sessions were documented and heart rate (HR) was recorded. A standardized exercise test of 1,600 m was performed 10 times and a VLa4 test was performed five times.ResultsC horses initially exercised for a longer time with a HR >180 beats per minute compared to R horses (P < 0.05) but after 6–9 months, time with HR >180 bpm decreased in C and were similar in the two groups (P > 0.05). Over the 2-year period, recovery HR after the 1,600 m-test decreased in both groups but was within 2 months lower in C than in R (P < 0.05). C horses also had lower resting HR as 3-year-olds (P < 0.01) than R horses. In C, post exercise hematocrit was higher than in R (P < 0.05). There was a tendency (P < 0.1) towards a larger aortic diameter in C as 3-year-olds (C: 1.75 ± 0.05, R: 1.70 ± 0.05 cm/100 kg BW). Left ventricle diameter and blood volume (in December as 2-year-olds) did not differ between groups. There were no differences between groups in post exercise blood lactate concentration or in VLa4. Both groups were equally successful in reaching the goal of participation in races.ConclusionsHorses subjected to a reduced distance of high intensity training from the age of 2 showed an attenuated heart rate response, but were able to maintain the same VLa4 and race participation as horses subjected to longer training distances.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 97%

Reduced high intensity training distance had no effect on VLa4 but attenuated heart rate response in 2-3-year-old Standardbred horses

Ringmark

Lindholm²,

Hedenström³

et al. 2015

Acta Vet Scand

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“…Three of the 6 horses showed a high number of wide complex tachycardias with R‐on‐T morphology during exercise, and this high prevalence is in agreement with a previous study . In normal Standardbred trotters, the prevalence of single abnormal QRS complexes during racing has been reported at between 0% and 4%, whereas the prevalence in the immediate period after racing is approximately 20% . These findings are in agreement with the results of the exercise tests performed in our study on horses during SR.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…17 In normal Standardbred trotters, the prevalence of single abnormal QRS complexes during racing has been reported at between 0% and 4%, whereas the prevalence in the immediate period after racing is approximately 20%. 36,37 These findings are in agreement with the results of the exercise tests performed in our study on horses during SR. The literature includes only limited descriptions of the development of ventricular arrhythmias during exercise in human AF patients, but some AF patients have exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia, and rate-controlling drugs such as procainamide, propafenone, and sotalol may decrease the prevalence of premature ventricular beats.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of induced chronic atrial fibrillation on exercise performance in Standardbred trotters

Buhl

Carstensen

Hesselkilde

et al. 2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia affecting performance in horses. However, no previous studies have quantified the performance reduction in horses suffering from AF.ObjectivesTo quantify the effect of AF on maximum velocity (V max), maximum heart rate (HRmax), heart rate recovery (T 100), hematologic parameters and development of abnormal QRS complexes.AnimalsNine Standardbred trotters.MethodsTwo‐arm controlled trial. Six horses had AF induced by means of a pacemaker and 3 served as sham‐operated controls. All horses were subjected to an exercise test to fatigue before (SET1) and after (SET2) 2 months of AF or sham. The V max and HRmax were assessed using a linear mixed normal model. Abnormal QRS complexes were counted manually on surface ECGs.ResultsAtrial fibrillation resulted in a 1.56 m/sec decrease in V max (P < .0001). In the AF group, HRmax ± SD increased from 226 ± 11 bpm at SET1 to 311 ± 27 bpm at SET 2. The AF group had higher HRmax at SET2 compared with controls (P < .0001), whereas no difference between the control and AF groups was observed at SET1 (P = .96). Several episodes of wide complex tachycardia were observed during exercise in 3 of the AF horses during SET2.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAtrial fibrillation resulted in a significant reduction in performance, an increase in HR and development of abnormal QRS complexes during exercise, which may be a risk factor for collapse or sudden cardiac death.

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“…Mitral and aortic regurgitations (MR and AR, respectively) are the most frequently reported, except in trained racehorses, in which tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is most frequently reported . These valvular regurgitations occur in thoroughbreds and trotters, but they have not been explored in other breeds. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most frequently reported congenital heart diseases in horses …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Cardiac Diseases in a Hospital‐Based Population of 3,434 Horses (1994–2011)

Leroux

Detilleux

Sandersen

et al. 2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Risk factors for cardiac diseases in horses have not been explored in a large population of animals. Objectives: To describe risk factors for various cardiac diseases in a hospital-based population of horses. Animals: Files of 3,434 horses admitted at the Internal Medicine Department of the Liege Equine Teaching Hospital between 1994 and 2011 were reviewed and of those, 284 were categorized as having moderate-to-severe cardiac disease.Methods: Observational study. After calculating prevalence for each cardiac disease, we tested whether breed (chisquare test) or sex, age, body weight (BW), and other cardiac diseases (logistic regressions) were risk factors (p < .05 significant).Results: Mitral regurgitation (MR, 4.4%), atrial fibrillation (AF, 2.3%), aortic regurgitation (AR, 2.1%), and tricuspid regurgitation (TR, 1.7%) were the most common cardiac abnormalities detected. Determinants were male sex and increasing age for AR (OR = 2.03, CI = 1.07-4.94), racehorses breed and middle-age for TR (OR = 4.36; CI = 1.10-17.24), and high BW for AF (OR = 3.54; CI = 1.67-7.49). MR was the most common valvular disease associated with AF, clinically important ventricular arrhythmia, pulmonary regurgitation (PR), and congestive heart failure (CHF). TR was also associated with AF, PR, and CHF; AR was not associated with CHF.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Several previously suspected risk factors for a variety of equine cardiac diseases are statistically confirmed and other risk factors are highlighted in the studied hospital-based population. These observations should be taken into account in health and sport's monitoring of horses presenting predisposing factors.

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Echocardiographic evaluation of changes in left ventricular size and valvular regurgitation associated with physical training during and after maturity in Standardbred trotters

Abstract: The LV mass and prevalence of valvular regurgitation increased (indicative of development of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy and valvular regurgitation) in young horses, even during the latter part of the assessment period, when maturity was attained.

Cited by 39 publications

References 29 publications

Reduced high intensity training distance had no effect on VLa4 but attenuated heart rate response in 2-3-year-old Standardbred horses

Reduced high intensity training distance had no effect on VLa4 but attenuated heart rate response in 2-3-year-old Standardbred horses

Effect of induced chronic atrial fibrillation on exercise performance in Standardbred trotters

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Cardiac Diseases in a Hospital‐Based Population of 3,434 Horses (1994–2011)

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