Echocardiographic Findings in Children Participating in Swimming Training*

Cardiovascular responses to endurance training in children: effect of gender

“…was in accordance with previous longitudinal and crosssectional studies performed in children [37][38][39][40][41][42]. VO 2max , maximal oxygen uptake; Q, cardiac output; SV, stroke volume; AVO-D, arterio-venous oxygen difference; SVR, systemic vascular resistances; E, peak velocity of early diastolic rapid inflow; A, peak velocity of late diastolic rapid inflow; LVEDd, end-diastolic left ventricular internal diameter; ST, interventricular septal thickness; PWT, end-diastolic posterior wall thickness; LVM, left ventricular mass.…”

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Is Associated With Obesity, Male Gender, and Symptoms in Healthy Adolescents

“…Using univariate and multivariate analysis, male gender was associated with increased LVWT (OR 4.87, CI 2.41-9.82). Obesity was associated with all three measured parameters of LVH using univariate and multivariate analysis adjusting for age and gender (LVM >215 g occurred in 10.32% (6/58) of obese athletes vs. 0.2% (1/445) of control, (OR 51.33, CI 6.05-433.8), P < 0.001, LVWT >12 mm occurred in 16.5% (15/91) of obese students vs. 3.6% (32/882) of control (OR 5.20, CI 2.7-10.1, P < 0.001), RWT >0.43 occurred in 41.4% (24/58) of obese students vs. 15.7% (70/445) of control (OR 3.78, CI 2.11-6.76, P < 0.001, Figure 2). Furthermore, using BMIs subgroups, increasing BMI was directly associated with parameters of LVH (Figure 3).…”

“…Furthermore, physical symptoms in relation to obesity or LVH have not been evaluated in adolescents. Studies evaluating the occurrence of LVH in adolescence athletes are limited to small populations with selected athletic activities (14,15). The goal of this study was to evaluate the presence of LVH in young obese and nonobese teenagers who are actively involved in school sports programs, using a large database from echocardiograms that were performed for screening.…”

Fat-free mass as a determinant of left ventricular mass in children: The Muscatine Study

“…When LVM was adjusted for weight rather than FFM in the present study, the sum of skinfolds also entered as a negative predictor of LVM (data not shown), suggesting that body weight and sum of skinfolds serve as a surrogate indicator of FFM, i.e., for any given body weight the subject with the smallest sum of skinfolds is the leanest. Past studies examining differences in fit versus unfit children and adolescents, or athletic versus nonathletic children and adolescents, have consistently reported L W , after adjustment for body weight, stature, or body mass index, is greater in fit children and adolescents (Csanady et al, 1986;Medved et al, 1986;Rowland et al, 1987). This phenomenon was dubbed the "Athletic Heart syndrome" and was assumed to be an adaptation to exercise training (Rowland et al, 1987).…”