Echocardiographic findings of pulmonary atresia or critical pulmonary stenosis and intact ventricular septum in utero

Abstract

Fetal hemodynamic information was useful for making decisions not only after birth, but also in utero, and may eventually result in improving the prognosis of babies with PA/CPS. Serial observation of the fetuses with PA/CPS may also suggest the possible pathogenesis of PA/CPS in utero.

Cardiovascular phenotyping of fetal mice by noninvasive high-frequency ultrasound facilitates recovery of ENU-induced mutations causing congenital cardiac and extracardiac defects

“…In our screen, we routinely use color flow mapping together with aliasing to detect increased outflow velocity and/or regurgitant streams, presentations often associated with mouse fetuses with significant structural heart defects. Because the atrioventricular and semilunar valves are normally competent in the fetus, the regurgitations might reflect valvular insufficiencies arising from a primary valve defect (26,36,43,48,51) or they could stem from heart failure arising from a primary myocardial defect (32) or other structural heart defects (13,15,17,29,37). In the event of retrograde diastolic flow through the ductus arteriosus, a spectrum of right heart obstructions might be indicated, such as pulmonary stenosis, or pulmonary atresia (24,47) , while retrograde flow in the ascending aorta might denote aortic stenosis and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (3,18,50).…”

Interventional treatment for fetus and newborn infant with congenital heart disease

“…Pulmonary stenosis or atresia with intact ventricular septum is a disease which an accurate diagnosis in utero from the findings of hypoplastic and hypertrophic right ventricle, stenotic or atretic pulmonary valve, intact ventricular septum, can be made 13 …”