Echocardiographic identification of atrial‐related structures and vessels in horses validated by computed tomography of casted hearts

Vandecasteele, Tim; Cornillie, Pieter; Steenkiste, Glenn Van; Vandevelde, Kimberley; Gielen, Ingrid; Vanderperren, Katrien; Loon, Gunther van

doi:10.1111/evj.12969

Cited by 19 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The atrial rate (depolarisations per minute) was calculated as 60 divided by the total length of 20 successive depolarisations on the surface ECG multiplied with 20. As part of a standard procedure TVEC started with ultrasound guided placement of a bipolar sensing/pacing electrode (bipolar intracardiac electrode) d at the intervenous tubercle in the right atrium in the standing horse [16]. Surface ECG and intra-atrial electrogram were recorded simultaneously with a modified Televet 100 device b [17].…”

Section: Electrocardiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained atrial tachycardia in horses and treatment by transvenous electrical cardioversion

Steenkiste

Clercq

Vera

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Background Atrial tachycardia including focal atrial tachycardia and macroreentrant atrial tachycardia (atrial flutter), are occasionally found in horses. Diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up of these arrhythmias has been inadequately described. Objectives To describe the findings on surface electrocardiography (ECG), intra‐atrial electrogram recording and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), the response to treatment by transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC), and TDI follow‐up, of sustained atrial tachycardia in horses. Study design Case series. Methods Records from horses with sustained atrial tachycardia treated by biphasic TVEC at Ghent University were reviewed. Horses with atrial fibrillation were not included. Results Seven horses with sustained atrial tachycardia were treated with TVEC. In six cases an exercise ECG was available and in 4 a 12‐lead ECG had been recorded. The mean bias between atrial cycle length measured from a right atrial intra‐atrial electrogram and from TDI ranged between −2 and 3 ms depending on the sampled region. All seven cases converted to sinus rhythm during the first TVEC procedure. TDI showed atrial contractile function recovery similar to cases that were treated for atrial fibrillation. One case developed atrial fibrillation 1 day after TVEC treatment, another case showed recurrence 8 years post conversion. The other five cases were still in sinus rhythm at 9 months – 5 years after TVEC. Main limitations Due to the small number of patients, data on recurrence and follow‐up of atrial recovery should be interpreted with caution. Since no invasive electrophysiology studies were performed, differentiation between focal atrial tachycardia and atrial flutter remains speculative. Conclusions Treatment of focal atrial tachycardia or atrial flutter by TVEC has a very high success rate. Tissue Doppler imaging allows noninvasive measurement of atrial cycle length and suggests reduced atrial function after cardioversion. Long‐term prognosis after cardioversion seemed similar compared to horses with atrial fibrillation, although early recurrence (<24 h) occurred in one horse.

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Section: Electrocardiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained atrial tachycardia in horses and treatment by transvenous electrical cardioversion

Steenkiste

Clercq

Vera

et al. 2019

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Briefly, the sonographers modified the right parasternal long axis view as follows: to visualize the third pulmonary venous ostium and RPA, the sonographers moved the ultrasound probe slightly apically and angled it dorso-cranially, to obtain a somewhat oblique view of the heart base (Fig 1). To conserve nomenclature that has been adopted in companion animals, we refer to the third pulmonary venous ostium as the right pulmonary vein (RPV) throughout the remainder of this manuscript, as this ostium receives blood from the largest part of the right lung [4,5], and is analogous to the right pulmonary vein in dogs and cats [6–8].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, investigators have described the echocardiographic visualization of equine pulmonary vein ostia [4,5]. These authors suggested that the size and flow patterns of the pulmonary veins might help the assessment of cardiovascular disease in horses [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transthoracic M-mode echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary vein-to-pulmonary artery ratio in healthy horses

et al. 2019

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Equine cardiovascular structures and function are routinely assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. Recently, investigators have described the echocardiographic visualization of equine pulmonary vein ostia. In companion animals, the right pulmonary vein (RPV) to right pulmonary artery (RPA) ratio has been used as an index to estimate the severity of cardiac diseases resulting in left ventricular volume overload. We sought to assess the feasibility of measuring RPV and RPA dimensions, and sought to provide various previously examined RPV and RPA variables in clinically healthy horses that could be used to assess cardiopulmonary disease status. Echocardiographic examination was prospectively performed in 70 healthy horses. The RPV and RPA were visualized using a modified right parasternal long-axis view and maximum and minimum diameters of both vessels were measured from 2D guided M-mode traces. The aortic diameter (Ao) was measured from the right parasternal short-axis view in early diastole. These measurements were then used to produce various ratio indices. RPV and RPA were imaged in all 70 horses. Median of the minimum and maximum RPV/RPA was 0.51 and 0.60, respectively. Median fractional dimensional change of vessels was 33% for RPV and 22% for RPA. The medians of the minimum and maximum RPV/Ao and RPA/Ao were 0.18, 0.28, 0.35 and 0.46, respectively. No relationships between either bodyweight or heart rate and any of the vein or artery variables were identified (maximum r 2 = 0.04). Inter- and intra-observer measurement variability was very good for all RPV and RPA measurements. Measuring of RPV and RPA diameters using M-mode transthoracic echocardiography is feasible in healthy horses. Further studies of these variables in horses with cardiac diseases are needed to determine the clinical applicability and utility.

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“…Using casting resins to create negative contrast is also an interesting approach to study hollow organs and enclosed spaces. Vandecasteele et al () injected the lumen of the equine heart and greater vessels with self‐expanding polyurethane foam (ordinary construction foam found in every DIY shop). After curing, the corrosion step was omitted, and the cast and surrounding tissues were directly scanned by CT. As the PU foam mainly consists of entrapped gas, CT images of the specimen showed a virtually empty (radiolucent) but fully distended lumen.…”

Section: Choice Of Casting Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion casting in anatomy: Visualizing the architecture of hollow structures and surface details

Cornillie

Casteleyn

Horst³

et al. 2019

Anat Histol Embryol

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Corrosion casting is the technique by which a solid, negative replica is created from a hollow anatomical structure and liberated from its surrounding tissues. For centuries, different types of hardening substances have been developed to create such casts, but nowadays, thermosetting polymers are mostly used as casting medium. Although the principle and initial set‐up are relatively easy, producing high‐quality casts that serve their intended purpose can be quite challenging. This paper evaluates some of the more popular casting resins that are currently available and provides a step‐by‐step overview of the corrosion casting procedure, including surface casts of anatomical structures. Hurdles and pitfalls are discussed, along with possible solutions to circumvent them, based on personal experience by the authors.

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Echocardiographic identification of atrial‐related structures and vessels in horses validated by computed tomography of casted hearts

Cited by 19 publications

References 31 publications

Sustained atrial tachycardia in horses and treatment by transvenous electrical cardioversion

Sustained atrial tachycardia in horses and treatment by transvenous electrical cardioversion

Transthoracic M-mode echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary vein-to-pulmonary artery ratio in healthy horses

Corrosion casting in anatomy: Visualizing the architecture of hollow structures and surface details

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