Echocardiographic variables in healthy guineapigs anaesthetized with ketamine–xylazine

Çetin, Neşide; Çetin, Ebru; Toker, Melahat

doi:10.1258/0023677052886510

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…11 Lateral recumbency is the preferred positioning, although a standing position may be used for small breeds (Figure 2). Similarly, normal echocardiographic values have been reported for the chinchilla 12 ( Chinchilla laniger ), guinea pig 13 ( Cavia porcellus ), Syrian hamster 14 ( Mesocriecetus auratus ) and ferret ( Mustela putorius furo ) 15–17 . While the heart is located approximately between the third and fifth intercostal spaces in most small pet mammals, its location is more caudal (between sixth and eighth ribs) in ferrets and therefore a more caudal placement of the transducer is required for echocardiography in these patients.…”

Section: Echocardiography In Mammalssupporting

confidence: 54%

Echocardiography of the weird and wonderful: tarantulas, turtles and tigers

Pereira

Pizzi

2012

Ultrasound

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Echocardiography is performed routinely in dogs and cats for the investigation of cardiac disease following well-established, published guidelines for the echocardiographic examination. However, such guidelines do not exist for other animal patients such as small pet mammals, zoo animals, wildlife, birds and reptiles. In these species, a detailed knowledge of the widely differing cardiovascular function and cardiac anatomy is necessary in order to interpret the echocardiographic examination. This varies widely, from the four-chambered mammalian heart, the muscular tricuspid valve and right aorta in birds, the three-chambered heart in reptiles and amphibians with intracardiac shunting of blood, to the two-chambered heart in fish. These are adaptations to very different natural histories and ecological niche requirements such as flying, diving and hibernation, and influence echocardiographic interpretation. Modifications to the echocardiographic technique are necessary in order to obtain a feasible acoustic window in view of differences in visceral and skeletal anatomy, such as the shell in tortoises, air sacs in birds and encircling ribs in snakes. The presence of scales, feathers and fur also contribute to difficulties in obtaining diagnostic quality images.

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Section: Echocardiography In Mammalssupporting

confidence: 54%

Echocardiography of the weird and wonderful: tarantulas, turtles and tigers

Pereira

Pizzi

2012

Ultrasound

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“…The mean value found for left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) values was similar to standard values for minipigs [27] and lower when compared to New Zealand rabbits [41], guinea pigs and non-anesthetized agoutis [10]. This difference can be justified by the depressant effects of ketamine, which promotes early ventricular depolarization, interfering with blood pressure, heart rate and cardiac output [28,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Several studies have demonstrated normal echocardiographic parameters for domestic animals such as dogs, cats, horses, sheep [7,9,27], as well as wild rodents such as prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) [20], guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) [10] and New Zealand rabbits [41]. However, although presumptive normal echocardiographic values were reported for non-anesthetized agoutis [15], this is the first study to show the measurement of these variables for chemically contained agoutis, in addition to the use of strain and strain rate by speckle tracking in the evaluation of cardiac function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standard Strain and Strain Rate by Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking in Agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) Anesthetized with Ketamine and Xylazine

Rodrigues

Pessoa

Moura

et al. 2017

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: The agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler, 1831) is a wild rodent widely found throughout America which has stood out as a good animal model for scientific investigations. The aim of this study was to study the cardiovascular function of chemically contained agoutis, by performing echocardiographic examinations and measuring Strain and Strain Rate by Speckle Tracking to obtain reference values for the species and verify the applicability of these animals as models for the study of cardiovascular changes in humans.Materials, Methods & Results: It was selected 16 animals, sedated by the combination of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine and submitted to transthoracic echocardiography. To obtain the standard measurements, B, M and Doppler mode images were taken. The analysis of the radial and longitudinal myocardial deformation of the left ventricle was carried out. The right parasternal window was used for access to the short cardiac axis and the left for access to the long axis. Six radial profiles of strain (ST) and Strain rate (SR) values were obtained, corresponding to the mean of the values for each segment. A total of 18 myocardial segments were analyzed for each specimen and the mean values were used to compose the statistical analysis. The comparison of the means between the genders did not show statistical difference, being the other statistical treatments based on the total sample of 16 animals. The variables that showed statistically significant correlation coefficients in relation to weight were: LA, LA/AO, HR, AVmax, E’ wave, E/IVRT (P > 0.05). HR showed a positive correlation with IVSd (r = 0.51), EPSS (r = 0.55) and E’ wave (r = 0.68); negative with IVRT (r = - 0.41), A wave (r = - 0.54), AVmax (r = - 0.53) and Pmax (r = - 0.65).Discussion: Although presumptively normal echocardiographic values were reported for not anesthetized agoutis, this was the first study to show the measurement of these variables for chemically contained agoutis, in addition to the use of Strain and strain rate by speckle tracking in the assessment of cardiac function. The sudden exposure of an external stimulus (environmental or physical) to which the body is not adapted can trigger an acute stress, and its effects may interfere significantly in the measurement of hemodynamic variables, justifying the need for chemical containment. The values found for the thickness of agoutis cardiac walls and chambers obtained in M mode, both in systole and in diastole, when compared with mammals of different size, confirm the positive linear correlation between body weight and cardiac dimensions for the various evaluated parameters. The velocity obtained by the Strain radial for the apical systolic peak was slightly lower than that obtained for the basal systolic peak, while the opposite was observed for the circumferential Strain, which showed apical peak greater than the basal peak, also to the found for human beings. The values obtained for circumferential, radial and longitudinal strain for agoutis were within the ranges of normality observed in healthy domestic animals and humans.

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“…However, there is little information on normal ranges in guinea pigs. Data published until now are based in values obtained under sedation with ketamine and xylazine (Çetin and others 2005). Conversely, ketamine has been proven to cause negative inotropic effects and cardiovascular depression in guinea pigs (Endou and others 1992, Ramsey 2008).…”

Section: Outcome and Follow-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case of infectious pericardial effusion and tamponade in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) associated with a multiresistant staphylococcus

Quinton¹,

Valentin²,

Ruel³

2014

Vet Record Case Reports

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A three-year-old female guinea pig was presented for an acute onset of lethargy and dyspnoea and was subsequently diagnosed with pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. Bacterial culture of the fluid obtained from ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis revealed a coagulase-negative multiresistant staphylococcus. Pericardiocentesis and antibiotic therapy resulted in complete resolution of the pericardial effusion. As the staphylococcus was resistant to many antibiotics and the owner was diagnosed a few weeks prior with cutaneous multiresistant staphylococcal infection, it was speculated that the source of the septic pericardial effusion may have been the owner.

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Echocardiographic variables in healthy guineapigs anaesthetized with ketamine–xylazine

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

Echocardiography of the weird and wonderful: tarantulas, turtles and tigers

Echocardiography of the weird and wonderful: tarantulas, turtles and tigers

Standard Strain and Strain Rate by Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking in Agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) Anesthetized with Ketamine and Xylazine

A case of infectious pericardial effusion and tamponade in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) associated with a multiresistant staphylococcus

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