Echocardiography Doppler in pulmonary embolism: Right ventricular dysfunction as a predictor of mortality rate

Incremental prognostic value of troponin I and echocardiography in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

“…Right ventricular systolic function was assessed in all patients using a 4-point scale, i.e., normal/near normal right ventricular systolic function, moderate to severe right ventricular systolic dysfunction. 8,9 Treatment strategy Reperfusion therapy, including thrombolysis, catheter fragmentation, or surgical embolectomy was performed in patients with PE and a shock index ≥1 (heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure). 10 Thrombolysis was also considered in the absence of contraindications according to the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 11 in patients with a shock index <1 but moderate to severe right ventricular dysfunction.…”

Right Ventricular Enlargement on Chest Computed Tomography

“…[12][13][14][15] However, echocardiography has limited availability at many institutions, and, occasionally, the RV may be difficult to image with the transthoracic approach.…”

Echocardiography does not predict mortality in hemodynamically stable elderly patients with acute pulmonary embolism

“…The cardiologists were blinded to patients' baseline characteristics and treatments. The following six signs of RV dysfunction/pulmonary hypertension were recorded: 1) RV/LV end-diastolic diameter ratio >0.9 in the apical four chamber view, 2) RV hypokinesis (defined as a moderately or severely abnormal motion of RV free wall), 3) paradoxical septal motion, 4) decreased or absent inspiratory collapse of the inferior vena cava, 5) shortened pulmonary acceleration time in the parasternal short axis view (≤100 ms), and 6) increase in RV/right atrial gradient in the apical four chamber or parasternal short axis view (≥30 mm Hg) [10][11][12][13][14]. For the present analysis, we considered only patients who had TTE within three days of PE diagnosis [15].…”