Echocardiography in Mice

Gao, Shumin; Ho, David; Vatner, Dorothy E.; Vatner, Stephen F.

doi:10.1002/9780470942390.mo100130

Cited by 231 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…It is also important to note that the doses of anesthetics used were similar to those used by others for echocardiography (6,10,12,13,16,19,25,26,28). For example, the ketamine-xylazine dose ranged from 60 -150/ 2.5-20 mg/kg, respectively (1,3,6,11,13,16,17,20,27,28). The dose we selected, 100 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, was selected on the basis of prior studies (4,27) and our past experience to allow sufficient time for stable anesthesia to complete the hemodynamic measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Best anesthetics for assessing left ventricular systolic function by echocardiography in mice

Pachon

Scharf

Vatner

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Our review of the literature of the major cardiovascular journals for the past three years showed that for all studies using anesthesia for mouse echocardiography, the predominant anesthetic was isoflurane, which was used in 76% of the studies. The goal of this investigation was to determine if isoflurane is indeed the best anesthetic. Accordingly, we compared isoflurane with 2,2,2-tribromoethanol (Avertin), ketamine-xylazine, and ketamine on different days in the same 14 mice, also studied in the conscious state without anesthesia. A randomized crossover study design was employed to compare the effects on left ventricular (LV) systolic function and heart rate of the four different anesthetic agents assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. As expected, each anesthetic depressed LV ejection fraction and heart rate when compared with values in conscious mice. Surprisingly, isoflurane was not the best, but actually second to last in maintaining normal LV function and heart rate. The anesthetic with the least effect on LV function and heart rate was ketamine alone at a dose of 150 mg/kg, followed by Avertin at 290 mg/kg, isoflurane at 3% induction and 1 to 2% maintenance, and lastly ketamine-xylazine at 100 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. In summary, these results indicate that ketamine alone exerts the least depressant effects on LV function and heart rate, with Avertin second, suggesting that these anesthetics should be used when it is not feasible to study the animals in the conscious state as opposed to the most commonly used anesthetic, isoflurane.echocardiography; mice; conscious state; anesthetics TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY is an essential noninvasive tool for the assessment of cardiovascular function in mice. Currently, echocardiography is either performed consciously or under anesthesia. As a general rule, the conscious study is preferred because it eliminates the complicating influences of anesthesia on cardiac function and regulation by the autonomic nervous system. The concept of the superiority of studies in conscious animals as opposed to anesthetized animals are largely based on studies of chronically instrumented animals that were recorded in the conscious state without being touched or manipulated by the investigators (10, 12). While echocardiography also has these advantages in patients, who understand that the transducer is harmless, conscious rodents are wary of a transducer touching their skin. Accordingly, it is possible to argue that light anesthesia affects the rodent's cardiovascular system less than the application of the echocardiographic transducer in the conscious state. Therefore, it becomes important not only to compare echocardiographic studies in mice in the conscious state or during anesthesia but also to compare the effects of the different anesthetics that have been used in mouse echocardiography, which were the goals of the current investigation.To address these goals, we first reviewed the frequency of mouse echocardiography studies in conscious versus anesthetized animals an...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Best anesthetics for assessing left ventricular systolic function by echocardiography in mice

Pachon

Scharf

Vatner

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…LV ejection fraction and LV mass were derived from these measurements. 24 E-wave and A-wave velocities were measured using pulsed Doppler from a modified apical 4-chamber view.…”

Section: Echocardiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Molecular Imaging Detects Myocardial Inflammatory Response in Autoimmune Myocarditis

Steinl

Khanicheh

et al. 2016

Circ: Cardiovascular Imaging

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Background-Cardiac tests for diagnosing myocarditis lack sensitivity or specificity. We hypothesized that contrastenhanced ultrasound molecular imaging could detect myocardial inflammation and the recruitment of specific cellular subsets of the inflammatory response in murine myocarditis. Methods and Results-Microbubbles (MB) bearing antibodies targeting lymphocyte CD4 (MB CD4 ), endothelial P-selectin (MB PSel ), or isotype control antibody (MB Iso ) and MB with a negative electric charge for targeting of leukocytes (MB Lc ) were prepared. Attachment of MB CD4 was validated in vitro using murine spleen CD4+ T cells. Twenty-eight mice were studied after the induction of autoimmune myocarditis by immunization with α-myosin-peptide; 20 mice served as controls. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging of the heart was performed. Left ventricular function was assessed by conventional and deformation echocardiography, and myocarditis severity graded on histology. Animals were grouped into no myocarditis, moderate myocarditis, and severe myocarditis. In vitro, attachment of MB CD4 to CD4+ T cells was significantly greater than of MB Iso . Of the left ventricular ejection fraction or strain and strain rate readouts, only longitudinal strain was significantly different from control animals in severe myocarditis. In contrast, contrast-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging showed increased signals for all targeted MB versus MB Iso both in moderate and severe myocarditis, and MB CD4 signal correlated with CD4+ T-lymphocyte infiltration in the myocardium. Conclusions-Contrast-enhanced ultrasound molecular imaging can detect endothelial inflammation and leukocyte infiltration in myocarditis in the absence of a detectable decline in left ventricular performance by functional imaging.In particular, imaging of CD4+ T cells involved in autoimmune responses could be helpful in diagnosing myocarditis.(Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:e004720.

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“…Ultrasound can be produced by high-frequency sound beams penetrating the thoracic cavity and reflecting back to the ultrasound transducer when reaching an interface between tissues of different acoustic impedance such as the myocardium, valves, and blood (Gao, Ho et al 2011). The transit time (depth) and the amplitude (brightness) of the reflected waves are detected by the probe of the ultrasound instrument to generate the image of the reflecting structure within the body (Nihoyannopoulos and Kisslo 2009).…”

Section: Principles Of Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once the animal lost its righting reflex, it was laid supine on a heated platform with its nose enveloped in a nosecone to keep the mouse anesthetized by1.5-2% isoflurane (Roth, Swaney et al 2002, Gao, Ho et al 2011. The mouse limbs were taped to four ECG electrodes which were imbedded in the platform for heart rate, ECG and respiratory rate monitoring.…”

Section: Animal Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

In Vivo Measurements of Biophysical Properties of a Heart and Aorta in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome

Lee

Esfandiarei

Sheng

et al. 2014

Canadian Journal of Cardiology

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In Marfan Syndrome (MFS) patients cardiovascular complications are the most life-threatening manifestations and death is often sudden due to aortic dissection and rupture. Echocardiography is critical in the diagnosis and follow-up of MFS patients to detect and evaluate their cardiovascular phenotype. High frequency echocardiography was used to investigate the structural and functional properties on 6-and 12-mo WT and MFS [Fbn1 (C1039G/+)] mice (n = 8). The data show that Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) was significantly increased in 6-mo MFS vs. WT (366.6 ± 19.9 vs. 205.2 ± 18.1 cm/s; p < 0.001) and 12-mo MFS vs. WT (459.5 ± 42.3 vs. 205.3 ± 30.3 m/s; p = 0.001) and the PWV increased directly in proportion to age in MFS mice but not in WT mice. LV mass (3.06 ± 0.16 vs. 2.46 ± 0.09 μm/g; p = 0.007) was significantly increased in 6-mo MFS mice compared with WT. We also found a significantly enlarged aortic root, decreased E/A ratio, prolonged isovolumic relaxation time and increased myocardial performance index in MFS mice compared with WT for both age groups. This study shows significant aortic dilation and central aortic stiffness in the MFS mice which are associated with LV hypertrophy, systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Moreover, the symptoms progressed with increasing age from six months to twelve months.

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Echocardiography in Mice

Cited by 231 publications

References 54 publications

Best anesthetics for assessing left ventricular systolic function by echocardiography in mice

Best anesthetics for assessing left ventricular systolic function by echocardiography in mice

Noninvasive Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Molecular Imaging Detects Myocardial Inflammatory Response in Autoimmune Myocarditis

In Vivo Measurements of Biophysical Properties of a Heart and Aorta in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome

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