Echocardiography in Mitral Regurgitation with Relevance to Valve Surgery

A Modified Echocardiographic Classification of Mitral Valve Regurgitation Mechanism: The Role of Three-dimensional Echocardiography

“…In the original Carpentier classification, type III was divided into two subtypes: IIIA with restricted opening and IIIB with restricted closure. Shah and Raney8) proposed division of this type into three subtypes 5)…”

“…More recently, Shah and Raney7)8) proposed a modified echocardiographic classification of MR mechanisms to provide a more comprehensive and detailed assessment of MV disorders that is relevant to modern MV repair techniques. In this report, we give an overview of the Shah and Raney pathological MR classification (Table 1), with special attention to the added value of 3D-echocardiography.…”

Consensus on Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography of the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Image of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology

“…Diseases are classified as type I if presenting with normal leaflet motion, such as mitral regurgitation due to endocarditis leading to leaflet perforation, congenital clefts or isolated annular dilatation, in case of atrial fibrillation 19 ; type II if presenting with excessive leaflet motion, such as prolapse caused by fibroelastic deficiency or Barlow's disease 19 ; and type III when presenting with a pathophysiological mechanism that causes restricted leaflet motion and may be subdivided into IIIa, IIIb, and IIIc. The IIIa subtype corresponds to restriction caused by shortening and fusion of the subvalvar apparatus, such as in rheumatic heart disease.…”

Surgical management of left ventricular outflow obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

“…1 ). This form of mitral regurgitation has been defined as type IV dysfunction within a revised Carpentier classification (11) .…”