“…By using operant conditioning, subjects learn to regulate their own brain activation with the aid of a neurofeedback signal. In such cases, fMRI image data need to be analyzed in real-time, which means as fast as they are acquired, i.e., within a single repetition time (T R ) (Gembris et al, 2000;Weiskopf et al, 2007;Scharnowksi et al, 2009). Specific examples include a classification algorithm to control the movement of an avatar in a two-dimensional maze (Yoo et al, 2004) or reducing the pain intensity in the right anterior cingulate cortex with neurofeedback training and a virtual flame (DeCharms, 2005).…”