Eco-Friendly Energetic Substances for Initiation Devices

Ilyushin, M. A.; Шугалей, И. В.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48281-1_46-1

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Despite its large-scale use (in Japan, China, America, Germany, and other countries), DDNP has three major disadvantages: (1) it is highly sensitive to impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge, making accidental catastrophic explosions a problem. (2) It is photosensitive and turns dark (through decomposition) when irradiated by light, leading to the instability of product quality 25 , 26 . (3) DDNP is toxic since nitrophenols have been listed as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency and Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China 18 , 31 – 33 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A green metal-free fused-ring initiating substance

et al. 2019

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Over the past century, the search for lead-free, environmentally friendly initiating substances has been a highly challenging task in the field of energetic materials. Here, an organic primary explosive featuring a fused-ring structure, 6-nitro-7-azido-pyrazol[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine-2-oxide, was designed and synthesized through a facile two-step reaction from commercially available reagents. This organic initiating substance meets nearly all of the stringent criteria of environmentally friendly primary explosives for commercial applications: it is free of toxic metals and perchlorate, has a high density, high priming ability, unusual sensitivities towards non-explosive stimuli, excellent environmental resistance, decent thermal stability, high detonation performance, satisfactory flowability and pressure durability, and is low-cost and easy to scale-up. These combined properties and performance measures surpass the current and widely used organic primary explosive, DDNP. The fused-ring organic primary explosive reported herein may find real-world application as an initiating explosive device in the near future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A green metal-free fused-ring initiating substance

et al. 2019

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“…In recent years, lead pollution in the air and soil has attracted more and more attention, particularly in military training grounds and shooting ranges. Therefore, a clear need exists for the successful development and replacement of these two aforementioned primary explosives [1, 2, 3, 4]. Although the various existing and new energetic materials have been studied as substitutes for LA, including silver azide (SA), diazodinitrophenol (DDNP), calcium 5‐nitriminotetrazolate [5], copper(II) 5‐chlorotetrazolate (CuClT) [6], copper(II) coordination complexes of the 5‐nitrotetrazolate anion [7], all of them have some limitations that make them difficult to use widely [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Synthesis Parameters and Characterization of Green Primary Explosive Copper(I) 5‐Nitrotetrazolate (DBX‐1)

Tseng

Yang

et al. 2020

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Since the early 20th century, lead azide (LA) has been commonly used as a primary explosive. However, lead pollution in the air and soil has attracted more and more attention, particularly in military training grounds and shooting ranges. Copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate (DBX-1) is considered as one of the most promising alternatives to LA. DBX-1 is typically prepared from sodium 5-nitrotetrazolate dihydrate [NaNT(H 2 O) 2 ] and copper(I) chloride (CuCl). But little is known about its optimal synthesis parameters. In addition, NaNT(H 2 O) 2 is not commercially available. In this study, NaNT(H 2 O) 2 was prepared by ourselves. Taguchi's experimental design method was used to determine the optimal experimental conditions for obtaining the maximum yield of DBX-1. The synthesized NaNT(H 2 O) 2 and DBX-1 were identified by means of SEM, NMR, FTIR, EA, UV-Vis and STA TG-DSC, and the sensitivity of DBX-1 was determined using BAM fallhammer, BAM friction tester and electrostatic spark sensitivity tester. The experimental results indicated that the optimal synthesis parameters of DBX-1 were as follows: the reaction temperature was 100°C, the reaction time was 30 min, the concentration of NaNT(H 2 O) 2 was 0.075 wt.% and the molar ratio of NaNT(H 2 O) 2 to CuCl was 1.15, and then the maximum yield after purification could reach 72.2 %. The decomposition activation energies of DBX-1 calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa methods were 178.6 and 179.0 kJ/mol, respectively. In addition, the impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity and electrostatic spark sensitivity of DBX-1 were 51 mJ, 0.4 N and 7.3 mJ, respectively, which were almost the same as those for LA.

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“…Traditional pyrotechnic compositions may contain undesirable heavy metals such as lead, mercury, barium, and cadmium [1][2][3]. These pose environmental concerns that mandate their replacement with more benign compounds [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrudable Gassy Pyrotechnic Time Delay Compositions

Grobler¹,

Cowgill²,

Focke³

et al. 2018

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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A copolymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride was investigated to assess its viability as an oxidiser, for aluminium as the fuel, in an extrudable pyrotechnic composition for application in 3D printing. Experimental results and EKVI thermochemical modelling suggested that a fuel loading of 30 wt.% would provide the maximum energy output. DTA and TGA analysis were performed in order to ascertain processing limits. With the addition of a processing aid LFC-1 ® samples could be extruded successfully. Printing with the compositions had limited success. The high melt viscosity paired with the filament's susceptibility to excessive preheating caused the print quality to be low. Delamination did not occur due to good fusion achieved during layer deposition. With minor compositional adjustments printing quality could be improvedy.

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Eco-Friendly Energetic Substances for Initiation Devices

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

A green metal-free fused-ring initiating substance

A green metal-free fused-ring initiating substance

Optimization of Synthesis Parameters and Characterization of Green Primary Explosive Copper(I) 5‐Nitrotetrazolate (DBX‐1)

Extrudable Gassy Pyrotechnic Time Delay Compositions

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