Eco‐friendly extraction and physicochemical properties of pectin from jackfruit peel waste with subcritical water

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Water is generally considered to be a safe and green solvent suitable for use in natural product extraction. In this study, an eco-friendly subcritical water method was used to extract pectin from waste jackfruit peel (JFP-S), which was compared with pectin obtained by the traditional citric acid method (JFP-C). RESULTS:The extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), and the optimum process parameters were as follows: extraction temperature 138 ∘ C, extraction time 9.15 min, liquid / solid (L/S) ratio 17.03 mL g −1 . Under these conditions, the pectin yield was 149.6 g kg −1 (dry basis). Pectin obtained from the two extraction methods displayed a high degree of esterification and the monosaccharide composition was consistent. The galacturonic acid content of JFP-S and JFP-C was 52.27% and 56.99%, respectively. JFP-S had more hairy regions and side chains than JFP-C. The molecular weight of JFP-S was 113.3 kDa, which was significantly lower than that of JFP-C (174.3 kDa). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that two samples had similar pectin typical absorption peaks. According to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), both JFP-S and JFP-C had relatively good thermal stability. JFP-S demonstrated lower apparent viscosity and elasticity than JFP-C. Meanwhile, the G ′ and G ′′ moduli of JFP-S were lower, which found expression in the gel textural characterization of the samples. CONCLUSION: This work showed that the subcritical water method is an efficient, time-saving, and eco-friendly technology for the extraction of pectin from jackfruit peel compared with the traditional citric acid method. The physicochemical properties of pectin could be changed during subcritical water extraction.

Recent Trends in the Use of Pectin from Agro-Waste Residues as a Natural-Based Biopolymer for Food Packaging Applications

“…Tropical fruits have been also studied in the last years to obtain HMP. For example, passion fruit rind [54,62], durian rind [46] or jackfruit peels [51,52,63] have been proposed as interesting sources of pectins. Hydrothermal extraction is also the most used method in these types of wastes.…”

Structure and Applications of Pectin in Food, Biomedical, and Pharmaceutical Industry: A Review

“…In recent years, alternative methods to conventional acid extraction have been studied to overcome the environmental concerns with the generation of effluents residues related to those traditional methods. With the popularization of green chemistry, examples of technologies as novel extraction methods employed include Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) [53,66,67], Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) [14,68,69], Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE) [70][71][72], Extraction with Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) [73,74], Extraction with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) [75], Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) [76], and the combination of these methods [24,[77][78][79]. For more detailed information on alternative methods to conventional pectin extraction, read the reviews of Freitas et al [16] and Adetunji et al [80].…”

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment monitored by real‐time online technologies on dried preparation time and yield during extraction process of okra pectin

“…In all cases, raw materials should be dried first during the pectin extraction process. The jackfruit peel was cut into small pieces and dried in the oven at 55 °C for 72 h, and then ground for pectin extraction 14 . Segment membranes of Citrus unshiu fruits were air‐dried in an oven at 45 °C for 48 h during the pectin extraction process 15 .…”