“…Dye wastewater has become a significant concern for pure water reservoirs due to its impact on the aquatic environment, as it hinders sunlight penetration, reducing photosynthesis and harming the aquatic food web [1,2]. Breaking down and isolating dyes from aqueous solutions is challenging due to their complex aromatic composition, and most organic dyes are highly toxic and carcinogenic [3,4]. Various types of dyes (cationic, anionic, and non-ionic) are used in industries such as paper, food preparation, dye production, textile, and tanning [5].…”