Eco‐friendly perovskite solar cells: From materials design to device processing and recycling

Abstract

With the skyrocketed power conversion efficiency and enhanced lifetime of perovskite solar cells (PVSCs), the environmental issues from materials to device processing, operation, and recycling become critical for their commercialization. Developing eco-friendly PVSCs via the exploration of lead-free perovskite materials, non-toxic solvents, and effective lead-adsorbing materials are the key points to realizing eco-friendly PVSCs, which have drawn significant attention in the past 3 years. This critical review presents a comprehen-

Annual research review of perovskite solar cells in 2023

“…(1) Design new PVK materials PVK structures can be stabilized by site cation doping in FAPbI 3 without losing the optimal bandgap for photovoltaic performance [321][322][323]. However, their instinct phase stability requires considerable improvement for meeting commercial requirements, which can be achieved by designing materials with high environmental resistance.…”

“…Solution processability is the unique advantage of PSCs compared to commercial PV technologies, as the manufacturing cost is considerably reduced [328,329]. However, most precursor solvents such as DMF and antisolvents such as chlorobenzene (CB) are toxic and harmful to human health [321,330]. Therefore, eco-friendly solvents must be developed for the commercialization of PSCs.…”

Top‐Down Induced Crystallization Orientation toward Highly Efficient p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells

“…[ 1–4 ] Among them, the inverted (p‐i‐n) PVSCs exhibit excellent operation stability and low temperature‐process compatibility for tandem and flexible devices, endowing them with immense commercial application prospects. [ 2,5–10 ] Encouragingly, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted PVSCs has surpassed 26%, approaching that of the commercialized silicon solar cells. [ 11,12 ] However, previous research on inverted PVSCs mainly focused on the defect passivation and energy level engineering, while the modulation of crystallization behavior to induce perovskite film with preferred orientation was neglected, which is the critical issue to be considered as the uncontrolled crystallization tends to occur in inverted PVSCs due to the large lattice mismatch between the bottom soft organic hole transport materials (such as poly(bis(4‐phenyl) (2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl) amine) (PTAA) and self‐assembled monolayers) and perovskite, as well as the lack of strong chemical bonds of them with perovskite.…”

Highly Efficient Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells Enabled by Mixed‐Cation Surface Modulation

“…With the skyrocketed power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of single‐junction perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) that rival commercialized silicon solar cells, [ 1–7 ] developing strategies to boost the PCE toward 30% has become a main task. Constructing perovskite‐based tandem solar cells (PTSCs) has been proven to be the most promising approach to breaking the Shockley–Queisser (S–Q) limit.…”