Ecobiology and Geographical Distribution of Potentially Toxic Marine Dinoflagellates

Vlamis, Aristidis; Katikou, Panagiota

doi:10.1201/b16662-20

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…This is necessary because DTX3 is not toxic, but its hydrolysis in the digestive system releases the active toxins that may cause intoxications [ 7 ]. The samples used contained mainly OA esters, which is a typical toxin profile for Galician coasts with Dynophisis acuminata and Dynophisis acuta [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. The samples steamed in the industry were boiled for 2 min at 105 °C and then another 3 min at 100 °C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Impact of Mild Steaming and Heat Treatment on the Concentration of Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-2 and Dinophysistoxin-3 in Mussels

Rodríguez

Alfonso

Antelo³

et al. 2016

Toxins

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This study explores the effect of laboratory and industrial steaming on mussels with toxin concentrations above and below the legal limit. We used mild conditions for steaming, 100 °C for 5 min in industrial processing, and up to 20 min in small-scale laboratory steaming. Also, we studied the effect of heat on the toxin concentration of mussels obtained from two different locations and the effect of heat on the levels of dinophysistoxins 3 (DTX3) in both the mussel matrix and in pure form (7-O-palmitoyl okadaic ester and 7-O-palmytoleyl okadaic ester). The results show that the loss of water due to steaming was very small with a maximum of 9.5%, that the toxin content remained unchanged with no concentration effect or increase in toxicity, and that dinophysistoxins 3 was hydrolyzed or degraded to a certain extent under heat treatment. The use of liquid-certified matrix showed a 55% decrease of dinophysistoxins 3 after 10 min steaming, and a 50% reduction in total toxicity after treatment with an autoclave (121 °C for 20 min).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Impact of Mild Steaming and Heat Treatment on the Concentration of Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-2 and Dinophysistoxin-3 in Mussels

Rodríguez

Alfonso

Antelo³

et al. 2016

Toxins

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“…Due to the lack of understanding of the ecology and taxonomy of Gambierdiscus at the time, the organism was named Diplopsalis (Dickey, 2008). Gambierdiscus toxicus (Adachi and Fukuyo, 1979;Bagnis, et al, 1980;Vlamis and Katikou, 2014) was the only species in the genus for almost 20 years; hence, the early literature is rife with erroneous reports of G. toxicus (Figure 1). There are now 16 described Gambierdiscus species: G. australes, G.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Gambierdiscus Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These fish and shellfish have accumulated certain toxins (ciguatoxins [CTXs]) through the food chain. These lipid-soluble toxins are produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa (Vlamis and Katikou, 2014). Ciguatera is a worldwide problem, in some countries it is considered a globally neglected tropical disease that is expanding due, among other reasons, to climate change (Gingold, Strickland and Hess, 2014;Rhodes et al, 2014a;Hallegraef, 2015).…”

Section: Chapter Introduction 1backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Report of the Expert Meeting on Ciguatera Poisoning

2018

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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or World Health Organization (WHO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO or WHO.

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“…Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) cause persistent problems in humans due to their accumulation in filter feeding shellfish [ 3 ], but they can also move up through the food chain, affecting zooplankton, fish, birds and marine mammals [ 4 ]. PST intoxications are a result of exposure to saxitoxins (STXs), gonyautoxins (GTXs) and N -sulfocarbamoyl-gonyautoxins (Cs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorimetric Detection Method for Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin Based on a Porous Graphitic Carbon Column

Rey

Botana

Alvarez³

et al. 2016

Toxins

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Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) traditionally have been analyzed by liquid chromatography with either pre- or post-column derivatization and always with a silica-based stationary phase. This technique resulted in different methods that need more than one run to analyze the toxins. Furthermore, tetrodotoxin (TTX) was recently found in bivalves of northward locations in Europe due to climate change, so it is important to analyze it along with PST because their signs of toxicity are similar in the bioassay. The methods described here detail a new approach to eliminate different runs, by using a new porous graphitic carbon stationary phase. Firstly we describe the separation of 13 PST that belong to different groups, taking into account the side-chains of substituents, in one single run of less than 30 min with good reproducibility. The method was assayed in four shellfish matrices: mussel (Mytillus galloprovincialis), clam (Pecten maximus), scallop (Ruditapes decussatus) and oyster (Ostrea edulis). The results for all of the parameters studied are provided, and the detection limits for the majority of toxins were improved with regard to previous liquid chromatography methods: the lowest values were those for decarbamoyl-gonyautoxin 2 (dcGTX2) and gonyautoxin 2 (GTX2) in mussel (0.0001 mg saxitoxin (STX)·diHCl kg−1 for each toxin), decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dcSTX) in clam (0.0003 mg STX·diHCl kg−1), N-sulfocarbamoyl-gonyautoxins 2 and 3 (C1 and C2) in scallop (0.0001 mg STX·diHCl kg−1 for each toxin) and dcSTX (0.0003 mg STX·diHCl kg−1 ) in oyster; gonyautoxin 2 (GTX2) showed the highest limit of detection in oyster (0.0366 mg STX·diHCl kg−1). Secondly, we propose a modification of the method for the simultaneous analysis of PST and TTX, with some minor changes in the solvent gradient, although the detection limit for TTX does not allow its use nowadays for regulatory purposes.

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Ecobiology and Geographical Distribution of Potentially Toxic Marine Dinoflagellates

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of the Impact of Mild Steaming and Heat Treatment on the Concentration of Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-2 and Dinophysistoxin-3 in Mussels

Evaluation of the Impact of Mild Steaming and Heat Treatment on the Concentration of Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-2 and Dinophysistoxin-3 in Mussels

Report of the Expert Meeting on Ciguatera Poisoning

Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorimetric Detection Method for Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin Based on a Porous Graphitic Carbon Column

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