Ecological and health risk assessment of trace metals in water collected from Haripur gas blowout area of Bangladesh

Abstract

The study aims to assess the trace metals and physicochemical properties of water in the adjacent to the Sylhet gas blowout area. Trace metals were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, whereas physicochemical parameters were evaluated in-situ state using portable instruments and also in the laboratory. Trace metals Pb, Cd, and Ni were found in the water samples higher than the acceptable limit by WHO standards, whereas the concentration of Cu and Zn were within acceptable limit, respectively. The correlation coefficient matrix and factor loading analysis spectacle that the interrelationship among the physicochemical parameters, trace elements, as well as other ions are moderate to strongly corellated which reflecting the homogeneous source of origin. According to contamination factor, Nemerow multi-factor index, pollution load index, and also, potential ecological risk index, the water of the region is quite polluted in case of Pb, Cd, and Ni but unpolluted for Cu and Zn. The water quality index indicates that treatment of water is required before using it for domestic purposes. The health quotient and hazard index results are less than standard value 1 suggesting that there is no noncarcinogenic risk in the area. The carcinogenic analysis shows that the lifetime incremental cancer risk mean value of Cd and Ni are fairly insignificant and Pb is more significant for children to cause health problem. The ILCR value of Cd and Ni are insignificant whereas Pb is significant to pose health risk for adults. Physicochemical parameters revealed that the water was slightly acidic and soft in nature implying to avoid the water from this area for drinking purposes. At the end, it can be concluded that this study will be useful for the residence as well as the policymaker to take the protective surveillance measures around the areas.

Appraisal of trace metals toxicity and human health risk using a novel approach in produced water of four gas fields, Bangladesh.

“…Additionally, the carcinogenic metal Pb can cause neurological problems, kidney malfunction, renal dysfunction, anemia, arthritis, dyslexia, autism, and other birth defects(Collin et al, 2022;Martin & Griswold, 2009). However, from both categories, children are observed to be in a more susceptible state than adults according to the health risk, similar to previous studiesHowladar et al, 2021;Mohammadi et al, 2019).…”

“…Furthermore, for produced water, the mean index value for single metal followed as Co > Ni > Cd > Mn > Pb > Cu > As > Cr > Zn in both seasons, where for discharge and drinking water obtained as different order (Table 3). The average ERI for three types of water samples was less than 40 (except for Co (produced during the rainy season), indicating a low level of ecological risk (Howladar et al, 2021). Total ecological risk (RI) is typically less than 150 for all sample types, indicating a low possibility of ecological risk near gas elds (Acharjee et al, 2022).…”

“…average daily dose of exposure EDD i and EDD d for ingestion and dermal absorption correspondingly (mg/kg/day), Mc = Heavy metal concentrations (mg/L), Ri = Rate of ingestion ( used as 1, 1.6 and 2 L/ day for child, female and male individually), E f = Exposure frequency (350 day/year for children, adult female and male correspondingly), E d = Exposure duration ( Children = 6, female = 30, male = 30 years), B w = Body weight (female = 55, Children = 16 and male = 70 kg), A t = Average time of intake (used as 2190days for children, 10950 days for male and female), E t = Exposure time (applied as 0.5, 1 and 0.75 h/day for children, female and male), S a = Exposed skin area (6800cm 2 used for children, for female 16000 cm 2 and for male 19000cm 2 ), K p = Coe cient of permeability of metal in water (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb = 0.001; Co = 0.0004; Ni = 0.0002; Zn = 0.0006 and Cr = 0.002 cm/h), C f = Conversion factor (L/cm 3 ) = 0.001. The values were adopted from previous research(Huang et al, 2021;Howladar et al, 2021).Hazard factor (HF) can be evaluated by: ; Here, reference dose value for ingestion, RD i (As = 0.3, Cu = 37, Cd = 0.5, Cr = 3, Co = 20, Fe = 700, Ni = 20, Mn = 24, Pb = 3.6, Zn = 300 mg/kg/day) and reference dose for dermal absorption, RD d (As = 0.3, Cd = 0.5, Co = 0.0057, Cr = 0.075, Cu = 24, Fe = 140, Mn = 0.96, Ni = 5.6, Pb = 0.000001, Zn = 75 mg/kg/day) was used for calculation(Proshad et al, 2021, EPA, 2022. Finally, the "Non-carcinogenic Hazard Index" can be calculated as HI = HF i + HF d .The ndings suggest that HI values less than one are safe, however HI values larger than one indicate a non-cancer risk(Wagh et al, 2018).…”

“…Based on ERI and RI potential toxicity can be classi ed as low ( at ERI < 40 and RI < 150), medium (when 40 ≤ ERI < 80 and 150 ≤ RI < 300), considerable (at 80 ≤ ERI < 160 and 300 ≤ RI < 600), high (when 160 ≤ ERI < 320 and RI ≥ 600) and extreme (ERI ≥ 320)(Akarsu et al,2022;Ma & Han, 2020). At the time of summer and rainy periods, the average ERI of produced water found as 67 44. and 136.23, the mean ERI of discharge water was 65.11 and 44.71, and the average ERI of drinking water was 23.44 and 23.85 correspondingly (Table…”

The Determinants of Agricultural Crop Productivity among Smallholder Households in Haramaya Distinct, Eastern Ethiopia

“…Rangpur and Gopalganj districts have carcinogenic effects for As and non-carcinogenic effects for Mn, As, Fe, barium (Ba), Zn, and aluminium (Al); and for As, Fe, Mn, and boron (B), respectively (Rahman et al, 2018a;. The Haripur gas blowout area of Sylhet district presents a cancer risk for Pb, Cd, and nickel (Ni) (Howladar et al, 2021). In addition, another study was conducted in Sylhet district, where 11 Upazilla were considered under Surma basin, and carcinogenic health risk was determined for As.…”