Ecological Spotlights on Mites (Acari) in Norwegian Conifer Forests: A Review

Abstract

Long-term studies on mites in Norwegian coniferous forests are summarized. In podzol soil with raw humus, mite densities could pass 1 million per m 2 , with 48 species of Oribatida and 12 species of Mesostigmata. Field and laboratory experiments with liming and artificial acid rain showed that soil pH affected the structure of the mite community. Certain species of mites and springtails typical for acid soils did, however, show preference for a higher pH in monoculture. We hypothesized that competition could be a strong regulating factor in microarthropod communities. Several oribatid species were flexible regarding soil type, vegetation, substrate, and decomposition stage. The genus Carabodes showed examples on specialists: two species were grazers on Cladonia lichens in dry pine forests, while three were decomposers in dead polypore fungi. Another three oribatid species from different genera were unique in excavating spruce needles, producing slowly decomposing excrements, and probably contributing to stable, carbon-storing humus. In microcosms, predatory Gamasina mites were seen to regulate microarthropod numbers. Mites were able to adjust both their vertical and horizontal distribution in soil according to environmental change. A local and temporary burst of fungal activity could rapidly attract opportunistic fungal feeders. Several mites were active under snow, often feeding. Some even penetrated into the snow layer.

Ecological indication potential of oribatid mites

“…The number of species and individuals is therefore influenced by climate, soil type, pH and vegetation, i.e, the plant species which constitutes the leaf-litter to be decomposed (de Moraes et al, 2011). Hågvar (2020) found the following values in the top 6 cm of soil of a taiga forest in Norway after 8 replicates: Prostigmata 490 000, Oribatida 220 000, Astigmata 10 000. So, on average, 720 000 mites were present per square metre.…”

A Forest Pool as a Habitat Island for Mites in a Limestone Forest in Southern Norway

“…Forests are very rich in mites. For example, in some Norwegian coniferous forests the density of mites in soil exceeded 1 million individuals per m 2 [5], with 48 species of Oribatida and 12 species of Mesostigmata [6]. In broadleaf forests the density is often lower than in coniferous forests (around 50,000 individuals per m 2 ), but species richness is greater (approximately 100 spp.)…”