“…They are designed to provide common research tools for interdisciplinary investigations, linking urban metabolism with life cycle assessment to connect together the environmental footprint of cities, in terms of infrastructure, supply chain, water, energy, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and adopt a cross-scale perspective (Ramaswani et al, 2012). Another approach, considered as a new field of interdisciplinary research in France (Barles, 2011;Madelrieux, 2017), 11 is territorial ecology, which seeks a better understanding of nature/society interactions (Debuisson, 2014), interactions that are notably embodied in energy and material flows. Territorial 9/25 ecology is aligned with industrial ecology, but pays greater attention to spatial consideration and impacts on nature (particularly outside the zone where synergies have been achieved).…”