Ecology and Human Conflict of Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus laniger) in Mansehra District, Pakistan

Waseem, Muhammad; Mahmood, Tariq; Hussain, Abid; Hamid, Abdul; Akrim, Faraz; Andleeb, Shaista; Fatima, Hira

doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20180209100205

Cited by 17 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The activity halted after late November till late April that showed 4 to 5 months of hibernation period in the moist temperate forests of Machira Natioanal Park. The hibernation period was found consistent with the bears of moist temperate forests of western Himalaya(Sthyakumar et al 2013;Waseem et al 2020). Almost Similar pattern was observed by the local people i.e., temporary residents, herders, hunters, and victims of crop raiding.…”

supporting

confidence: 56%

“…Previous studies reported high intensities of human black bears con icts in Pakistan (Ali et al 2017; Kazmi et al 2019;Waseem et al 2020;Zahoor et al 2021c;Zahoor et al 2021d), however, there is no study available on activity pattern of black bears. In Taiwan, it was reported that in oak poor season, bears activity decreased and vice versa (Hwang and Garshelis 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…2012;Bashir et al 2018). However, it often involves in the livestock depredation and crop raiding in summer and autumn seasons(Chauhan, 2003;Waseem et al 2020; Yadav et al 2009;Zahoor et al 2021c). On the beginning of autumn season, when maize crop (forest was usually pre-hibernation phase (i.e., summer and autumn) when surplus food is available in the form of fruits, green vegetation and nuts(Hashimoto 2002; Hwang and Garshelis 2007; Sathyakumar et al 2013; Zahoor et al 2021a).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Activity pattern of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Zahoor

Liu

Ahmad

2022

Preprint

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The Asiatic black bear is considered an indicator species of the environment, hence, any change in the environment may alter its activity pattern. We monitored the monthly activity pattern of black bears in the moist temperate forests of Machiara National Park, AJ&K, Pakistan. We used infrared camera traps and indigenous knowledge for data collection from April 2019 to April 2021. Camera traps recorded 109 (inside the forest = 107, outside the forest = 2) independent registrations (IR) within 5541 (692.63 ± 36.72, mean ± SD) camera days. We found that (i) spring and autumn were the lowest activity seasons of black bears inside the forest. (ii) Whereas, the highest activities were recorded in summer with peak activities in August followed by July (χ2 = 203.5, df= 7, P< 0.05). (iii) The activity level sharply declined after August and halted from late November to late April which was clear indication of bears’ hibernation period. We collected indigenous knowledge from 70 selected persons, including hunters, herders, temporary residents and crop raiding victims. We used the data of human observation of latest three years and found that (i) bears remained active from May to November and hibernated rest of the period. (ii) The activities were at their peak inside the forest in summer (May – August) and out of the forest in autumn (September – November) when it preferred to raid the widely cultivated maize crop (Zea mays) in the area. The capturing of black bears by camera traps outside the forest further supported the data provided by local people. Such switching over might have occurred due to the food preferences for Zea mays or easy access to abundant food availability out of the forest area. The current data can help mitigate human black bears conflict and consequently future conservation of black bears in the area.

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confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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confidence: 99%

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Activity pattern of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Zahoor

Liu

Ahmad

2022

Preprint

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“…Sum total of 160 presence points for Asiatic black bears were collected from NHP through camera traps ( n = 13), bear signs, that is, scats, pugmarks, debarking of trees and soil dug out ( n = 51), and published articles ( n = 95; Abbas et al, 2015; Escobar et al, 2015; Waseem et al, 2020; Zahoor, Ahmad, et al, 2021; Zahoor, Liu, Kumar, et al, 2021). We validated the data with the IUCN distribution map of the Asiatic black bear.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies reported that nearly all the incidences of the crop ( Zea mays [common name: makeyi]) raiding were observed in autumn in different areas of the NHP (Ali et al, 2017; Kazmi et al, 2019; Waseem et al, 2020; Zahoor, Ahmad, et al, 2021). Fecal analyses further revealed that Zeya mays was consumed in the highest proportions in autumn (Ali et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of climate change on Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and its autumn diet in the northern highlands of Pakistan

Zahoor

Liu

Ahmad

et al. 2021

Global Change Biology

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Approximately 20%–30% of plant and animal species are at risk of extinction by the end of the 21st century owing to climate change. Range shifts and range contractions in plant species will dramatically affect the distribution of animals relying on them for food and shelter. The negative impacts of climate change on forested landscapes of the northern highlands of Pakistan (NHP) could change the species composition and distribution. The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), a forest‐dwelling species, primarily depends on plants for foraging, and is assumed to be affected by climate change in NHP. Scat analyses and indigenous knowledge from Machiara National Park revealed the maximum consumption of Quercus species (natural food) and Zea mays (human grown food) by the Asiatic black bear in autumn season. We collected the occurrence data of the Asiatic black bear and its commonly used food (three Quercus spp.) in the NHP. We used the MaxEnt model to simulate current and future (in 2050 and 2070) distribution of the species under RCP4.5 (medium carbon emission scenario) and RCP8.5 (extreme carbon emission scenario). The results predict range reduction and extreme fragmentation in the habitats of all the Quercus spp. Besides, a dramatic decrease in the suitable (SH) and very highly suitable (HSH) habitats was predicted in the future. Range shift and range reduction of Quercus spp. may interrupt the denning chronology of Asiatic black bears, escalate the human‐black bear conflicts and local extirpation of the species. Given the extent and magnitude of climate change, it will likely not be enough to focus solely on the conservation of the Asiatic black bear. We need more dynamic planning aiming at mitigating the effect of climate change in forested landscapes including the Quercus forests.

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Application of species distribution models to estimate and manage the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) habitat in the Hindu Kush Mountains, Pakistan

Rehan,

Hassan,

Zeb

et al. 2024

Eur J Wildl Res

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Ecology and Human Conflict of Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus laniger) in Mansehra District, Pakistan

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Activity pattern of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Activity pattern of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Impact of climate change on Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and its autumn diet in the northern highlands of Pakistan

Application of species distribution models to estimate and manage the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) habitat in the Hindu Kush Mountains, Pakistan

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