Ecology of Forest Insects

Graham, Samuel A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.01.010156.001401

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Resin not only is a physical defense against boring, mining, defoliating, and other feeding insects but also has fungicidal and insecticidal properties as well (Stark 1965). Numerous studies have examined the physiological response of conifers to attack by foliage-and wood-feeding insects and its subsequent effects on insect population dynamics (see reviews of Graham 1956, Rudinsky 1962, Francke-Grosmann 1963, Stark 1965, Baltensweiler eta!. 1977, Coulson 1979.…”

Section: Resinosis In Response To Red Pine Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies on the population dynamics of forest insects have been initiated during or after an outbreak has taken place and have attempted to evaluate the contributions of various factors, including weather, physiological condition of the host plant, qualitative changes in the insect and the host, competition, and natural enemies, to the rise and fall of infestations (see reviews of Graham 1956, Solomon 1957, Nicholson 1958, Andrewartha and Birch 1960, Stark 1965, Knight 1967, Kulman 1971. Few studies have examined the biological factors affecting the dynamics of a forest insect population through an entire cycle from the initial colonization of a healthy stand of trees, through peak infestation, to population decline (and possibly tree death).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population Dynamics of a Pernicious Parasite: Density‐Dependent Vitality of Red Pine Scale

McClure¹

1983

Ecology

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The relationships between biotic and climatic factors and three parameters of fitness (survival, developmental rate, fecundity) and population density were examined for the exotic red pine scale, Matsucoccus resinosae (Homoptera: Margarodidae), in a plantation of red pine, Pinus resinosa, in Connecticut, USA, over a period of population increase and decline from 1975 to 1980. When scale density was relatively low and injury to trees was minor, measures of fitness were not correlated with density. However, when density increased markedly, each measure of fitness was significantly negatively correlated with scale density. Also, as scale density increased so too did injury to trees indicated by an increasing percentage of branches exuding resin. A greater percentage of nymphs dispersed and died as branches became resinous and unsuitable for colonization. Even though scale density decreased sharply after 1977, survival, developmental rate, and fecundity continued to decline, indicating that deterioration of red pine as a host was progressive and irreversible. The scale killed all trees in the plantation within 7 yr of its initial colonization.The single most important factor leading to the collapse of the red pine scale population was change in the magnitude of overwintering mortality incurred by nymphs. Drastic reductions in scale numbers during winter more than offset population growth during the rest of the year and resulted in overall annual population decline. Steadily increasing overwintering mortality from year to year was due to density-dependent reduction in developmental rate which resulted in nymphs overwintering in a developmental substage incapable of surviving even relatively mild winter temperatures.Natural enemies were not important to the population dynamics of M. resinosae. The only such species encountered, the cecidomyiid fly Lestodiplosis nr. grassator, consumed only 5-7% of the scale ovisacs in each year, showing no response to the changes in scale population density.

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Section: Resinosis In Response To Red Pine Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics of a Pernicious Parasite: Density‐Dependent Vitality of Red Pine Scale

McClure¹

1983

Ecology

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“…(Kinghom 1954, Alfaro et al 1999, McCloskey 2007, McCloskey et al 2009). Alaska, Oregon and Washington, Idaho and Montana, Michigan and Wisconsin have also been subject to hemlock looper outbreaks in the past (Graham 1956, Torgersen and Baker 1967, Johnson et al 1970, Fumiss and Carolin 1977, Western North American Defoliator Working Group 2002.…”

Section: Hemlock Looper Defoliation History Geography and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%