Ecology of marine algae on rocky shores and subtidal reefs in temperate Australia

Underwood, A. J.; Kennelly, Steven J.

doi:10.1007/bf00006224

Cited by 48 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Beyond these latitudes, in the South Sandwich, South Orkney and South Shetland archipelagos, even macro-algae are absent from shores. As zones are entirely biologically defined, that is they are largely the visible patterns of a few such dominant species (Underwood and Kennelly, 1990), the phenomenon of zonation in the littoral disappears south of about 54ºS -except at the southern tip of South America. The most southerly shores around Cape Horn at about 55ºS are permanently north of the PFZ and do show (reduced) faunal and algal zonation (Fig.…”

Section: Zonationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia Arc's and Antarctica's shallow benthic communities

Barnes¹

2005

Sci. Mar.

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When the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana disintegrated and the fragments drifted apart to form continents, Antarctica became very isolated over the geographic south pole. From its former near-subtropical forests, Antarctica has become the coldest, windiest, driest and highest continent that is almost entirely covered with ice sheets several kilometres thick. The Circumpolar Current that developed in ARNTZ, G.A. LOVRICH and S. THATJE (eds.) Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia Arc's and Antarctica's shallow benthic communities* DAVID K.A. BARNES British Antarctic Survey, N.E.R.C., High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, England. E-mail: dkab@bas.ac.uk SUMMARY: The Scotia Arc links Patagonia to the Antarctic Peninsula. This island chain has changed considerably since Antarctica's geographic and thermal isolation from other land and water masses. Now its rates of air, land and fresh-water climate change are among the highest measured. This review examines work on the shallow water benthos of this region in the context of climate change. In summer, primary productivity is as intense as anywhere, whilst in winter the water reaches unprecedented clarity. Suspension feeders may eat for just a few months but others feed all year. Growth and reproduction are up to 50x slower than non-polar rates. Life here is in the slow lane. There is intense summer disturbance from icescour and wave action. This has erased shore zonation and created it below the surface. In contrast to summer disturbance, the winter is among the calmest and most thermally stable environments, when the area is overlain by fast ice. Whilst few animal phyla or species are represented on land, phyletic richness-and in some groups species richness-rivals that of tropical regions. Data showing clines in benthic richness at several taxonomic levels across the Patagonia-South Georgia-Signy Is.-Adelaide Is. chain and 50 years of ice-sheet retreat are presented.Keywords: polar benthos, zonation, metabolism, suspension-feeding, growth, reproduction. RESUMEN: UNA CADENA CAMBIANTE: PASADO, PRESENTE Y FUTURO DE LAS COMUNIDADES BENTÓNICAS SOMERAS DEL ARCODE SCOTIA Y ANTÁRTIDA. -El Arco de Scotia conecta la Patagonia con la Península Antártica. Esta cadena de islas ha cambiado considerablemente desde el aislamiento geográfico y térmico de la Antártida respecto de otras masas de agua y tierra. Actualmente, esta área tiene las tasas de cambios climáticos más elevadas, tanto en aire, tierra y aguas continentales. En esta revisión, se examinan los estudios en las comunidades bentónicas de aguas someras en el contexto del cambio global. La productividad primaria es, durante el verano, tan intensa como en otras áreas, mientras que en invierno las aguas alcanzan una claridad sin precedentes. Los suspensívoros pueden alimentarse por apenas unos pocos meses, pero otros se alimentan durante todo el año. El crecimiento y la reproducción son hasta 50 veces más lentos que en los organismos no polares. La vida aquí está en el "carril lento". Durante...

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Section: Zonationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia Arc's and Antarctica's shallow benthic communities

Barnes¹

2005

Sci. Mar.

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“…In addition to the complexity of potential effects of grazers on many species and patterns of succession, their effects can change over time, due to seasonal and annual variations in recruitment of algae, grazers and other species (Cubit 1984;Underwood and Jernakoff 1984;Breitburg 1985;Underwood and Kennelly 1990;Benedetti-Cecchi and Cinelli 1993). Yet, there have been few examples of repeated experiments in studies of the effects of grazers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of gastropod grazers on recruitment and succession of an estuarine assemblage: a multivariate and univariate approach

Anderson¹,

Underwood²

1997

Oecologia

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106

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Grazers have been shown to affect assemblages of species in many habitats. Here we studied the effects of the gastropod grazers, Austrocochlea porcata and Bembicium auratum, on intertidal estuarine assemblages in a sheltered bay in New South Wales, Australia. We examined the effects of gastropods on individual species and on the assemblage as a whole. The multivariate response was compared with data on succession in these assemblages to estimate potential effects of grazers on succession. The experiment was repeated several times to determine the generality of grazer effects in the light of possible variation in the timing or intensity of recruitment. There were different responses of individual species to the presence of grazers. Grazers reduced the abundance of ephemeral algal species, bryozoans, copepods, insect larvae and Balanus spp. barnacles. They had a positive effect on oysters and spirorbids and no effect on the barnacles Elminius covertus and Hexaminius spp. These effects were consistent through time. Multivariate analyses confirmed that grazers caused significant changes to whole assemblages and that these effects were far-reaching and not only caused by changes to algal species. The removal of grazers appeared to neither speed up nor slow down succession, but rather caused a completely different assemblage to develop. Apparent important mechanisms affecting the composition of animal species when grazers were removed included accumulation of sediments and detritus and pre-emption of space by algae.

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“…Temperate reefs in the southern hemisphere lack the strongylocentrotid sea urchins which dominate the most-studied sites in the northern hemisphere (Chapman & Johnson 1990;Foster 1990), and historically the predatory faunas of the hemispheres may have differed considerably (Estes & Steinberg 1988). There have been reviews of Australian (Underwood & Kennelly 1990), South African (Branch & Griffiths 1988), South American (Santelices 1990), and New Zealand (Schiel 1988(Schiel , 1990) seaweed stands. There are, however, few longterm studies of macroalgal forests in the southern hemisphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributional expansion ofCarpophyllum flexuosumonto wave‐exposed reefs in north‐eastern New Zealand

Cole

Babcock

Travers

et al. 2001

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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The native fucalean macroalga Carpophyllum flexuosum (Esper) Grev. has recently occupied many reefs on wave-exposed coasts in north-eastern New Zealand. At recently colonised sites, C. flexuosum occurs mainly on coralline-dominated areas with moderate densities of sea urchins (Evechinus chloroticus). At these sites, stipes of C. flexuosum are shorter, with more branching, reduced laminae, and increased stipe weights compared to those at sheltered sites. Survivorship of tagged individuals was less on wave-exposed than on sheltered reefs. On sheltered shores, small C. flexuosum suffered moderate mortality, but large individuals suffered little mortality from any source. All individuals transplanted from sheltered to wave-exposed shores died or became moribund as stipes, whereas those which survived transplanting from wave-exposed to sheltered shores assumed a morphology more characteristic of sheltered sites. Population modelling suggested that the existence of stands of C. flexuosum on wave-exposed shores is dependent on regular recruitment, though it is not clear whether populations are maintained by recruitment from within or without. The establishment of C. flexuosum on wave-exposed shores is correlated with decadal scale decreases in wave energy. We predict that the patchiness of recruitment of C. flexuosum in space and time (and the ubiquity and reproductive characteristics of the dominant laminarian Ecklonia radiata) and its susceptibility to wave action will prevent the fucalean from inducing long-term changes of assemblage organisation.

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Ecology of marine algae on rocky shores and subtidal reefs in temperate Australia

Cited by 48 publications

References 80 publications

Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia Arc's and Antarctica's shallow benthic communities

Changing chain: past, present and future of the Scotia Arc's and Antarctica's shallow benthic communities

Effects of gastropod grazers on recruitment and succession of an estuarine assemblage: a multivariate and univariate approach

Distributional expansion ofCarpophyllum flexuosumonto wave‐exposed reefs in north‐eastern New Zealand

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