Ecology of Predaceous Arthropods in Iowa Soybean Agroecosystems
1

Bechinski, E. J.; Pedigo, Larry P.

doi:10.1093/ee/10.5.771

Cited by 35 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…The insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), is the most common and effective predator of mites, thrips, and lepidopteran eggs in soybeans, Glycine max L. (Robinson et al, 1972;Bechinski & Pedigo, 1981;Brown & Goyer, 1984;Marston et al, 1984). This predator also feeds on plants, even when prey are readily available (Armer, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant feeding site selection on soybean by the facultatively phytophagous predator Orius insidiosus

Armer

Wiedenmann

Bush

1998

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Experiments were conducted to test whether the facultatively phytophagous predator Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) ingested phloem, xylem or mesophyll contents from soybean plants (Glycine max L.). Potential uptake of phloem sap was examined by radiolabeling photosynthate with 14CO2 and then measuring the accumulation of radiolabeled metabolites in feeding animals. Most O. insidiosus feeding on radiolabeled plants ingested no or very low levels of label; only 3% ingested small amounts of label, indicating the experimental insects fed very little, if at all, on the phloem. In contrast, well known phloem feeding insects used as positive controls accumulated substantial levels of labeled metabolites after feeding on known host plants. O. insidiosus did feed on xylem contents, as shown by ingestion of safranin‐labeled xylem fluid. A few of the insects showed signs of feeding on the mesophyll, as indicated by the presence of chloroplasts in the gut. However, the small diameter of the food canal may cause limited passage of chloroplasts, which would contribute to an underestimation of the frequency of mesophyll feeding. Some radiolabeled metabolites remain in the mesophyll so those insects that ingested low levels of radiolabel probably ingested label from the mesophyll, which supports the notion that some level of mesophyll feeding occurred. Feeding site determines the nutrients ingested during phytophagy. These insects obtain water from the xylem, and may ingest small amounts of starches, sugars, and amino acids from the mesophyll. The results suggest that facultative phytophagy by this heteropteran predator primarily provides the insect with water, but also may provide some nutrients that supplement a prey diet and help the predator survive periods when prey are scarce.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant feeding site selection on soybean by the facultatively phytophagous predator Orius insidiosus

Armer

Wiedenmann

Bush

1998

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…Of the several species of predators that can be found in soybean, Glycine max (L) Merr. (Bechinski andPedigo 1981, Schmidt et al 2008), two have been identiÞed as key predators of A. glycines in North America, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) OÕNeil 2005) and Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) (Rutledge and OÕNeil 2005, Desneux et al 2006). Despite the natural control these predators provide, foliar insecticides are needed to prevent yield loss when A. glycines populations reach economically damaging levels (Ragsdale et al 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of Reduced-Risk Insecticides on Soybean Aphid and Associated Natural Enemies

Ohnesorg¹,

Johnson²,

O’Neal³

2009

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Insect predators in North America suppress Aphis glycinesMatsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations; however, insecticides are required when populations reach economically damaging levels. Currently, insecticides used to manage A. glycines are broad-spectrum (pyrethroids and organophosphates), and probably reduce beneficial insect abundance in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Our goal was to determine whether insecticides considered reduced-risk by the Environmental Protection Agency could protect soybean yield from A. glycines herbivory while having a limited impact on the aphid's natural enemies. We compared three insecticides (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and pymetrozine,) to a broad-spectrum insecticide (λ-cyhalothrin) and an untreated control using two application methods. We applied neonicotinoid insecticides to seeds (imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) as well as foliage (imidacloprid); pymetrozine and λ-cyhalothrin were applied only to foliage. Foliage-applied insecticides had lower A. glycines populations and higher yields than the seed-applied insecticides. Among foliage-applied insecticides, pymetrozine and imidacloprid had an intermediate level of A. glycines population and yield protection compared with λ-cyhalothrin and the untreated control. We monitored natural enemies with yellow sticky cards, sweep-nets, and direct observation. Before foliar insecticides were applied (i.e., before aphid populations developed) seed treatments had no observable effect on the abundance of natural enemies. After foliar insecticides were applied, differences in natural enemy abundance were observed when sampled with sweep-nets and direct observation but not with yellow sticky cards. Based on the first two sampling methods, pymetrozine and the foliage-applied imidacloprid had intermediate abundances of natural enemies compared with the untreated control and λ-cyhalothrin. KeywordsGlycine max, biological control, insecticide regulation, conservation, nontarget impacts Disciplines Agriculture | Entomology CommentsThis article is from Journal of Economic Entomology 102 (5) ABSTRACT Insect predators in North America suppress Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations; however, insecticides are required when populations reach economically damaging levels. Currently, insecticides used to manage A. glycines are broad-spectrum (pyrethroids and organophosphates), and probably reduce beneÞcial insect abundance in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. Our goal was to determine whether insecticides considered reduced-risk by the Environmental Protection Agency could protect soybean yield from A. glycines herbivory while having a limited impact on the aphidÕs natural enemies. We compared three insecticides (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and pymetrozine,) to a broad-spectrum insecticide (-cyhalothrin) and an untreated control using two application methods. We applied neonicotinoid insecticides to seeds (imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) as well as foliage (imidacloprid); pymetrozine and -cyhalothrin were applied only to ...

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“…To what extent an increase in the current community of aphidophagous natural enemies in Iowa would occur with this practice is not clear. Comprised of mostly generalist predators (Beschinski and Pedigo 1981), the natural enemy community in soybean may not be sufÞciently responsive to A. glycines to reduce their establishment and population growth.…”

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confidence: 99%

Alfalfa Living Mulch Advances Biological Control of Soybean Aphid

Schmidt

O’Neal

Singer³

2007

Environmental Entomology

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Despite evidence for biological control in North America, outbreaks of the invasive soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), continue to occur on soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Our objectives were to determine whether natural enemies delay aphid establishment and limit subsequent population growth and whether biological control can be improved by altering the within-field habitat. We hypothesized that a living mulch would increase the abundance of the aphidophagous community in soybean and suppress A. glycines establishment and population growth. We measured natural enemy and A. glycines abundance in soybean grown with and without an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) living mulch. Soybean grown with an alfalfa living mulch had 45% more natural enemies and experienced a delay in A. glycinesestablishment that resulted in lower peak populations. From our experiments, we concluded that the current natural enemy community in Iowa can delay A. glycines establishment, and an increase in aphidophagous predator abundance lowered the rate ofA. glycines population growth preventing economic populations (i.e., below the current economic threshold) from occurring. Incorporation of a living mulch had an unexpected impact on A. glycines population growth, lowering the aphids' intrinsic rate of growth, thus providing a bottom-up suppression of A. glycines. We suggest future studies of living mulches or cover crops for A. glycines management should address both potential sources of suppression. Furthermore, our experience suggests that more consistent biological control of A. glycines may be possible with even partial resistance that slows but does not prevent reproduction. RightsThis article is the copyright property of the Entomological Society of America and may not be used for any commercial or other private purpose without specific written permission of the Entomological Society of America.This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ent_pubs/11BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Alfalfa Living Mulch Advances Biological Control of Soybean AphidAuthor (s) ABSTRACT Despite evidence for biological control in North America, outbreaks of the invasive soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), continue to occur on soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Our objectives were to determine whether natural enemies delay aphid establishment and limit subsequent population growth and whether biological control can be improved by altering the within-Þeld habitat. We hypothesized that a living mulch would increase the abundance of the aphidophagous community in soybean and suppress A. glycines establishment and population growth. We measured natural enemy and A. glycines abundance in soybean grown with and without an alfalfa (Medica...

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Ecology of Predaceous Arthropods in Iowa Soybean Agroecosystems 1

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Plant feeding site selection on soybean by the facultatively phytophagous predator Orius insidiosus

Plant feeding site selection on soybean by the facultatively phytophagous predator Orius insidiosus

Impact of Reduced-Risk Insecticides on Soybean Aphid and Associated Natural Enemies

Alfalfa Living Mulch Advances Biological Control of Soybean Aphid

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