Ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in the Coastal and Estuarine Waters of Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and Washington (United States)

Johnson, Crystal N.; Bowers, John C.; Griffitt, Kimberly J.; Molina, Vanessa; Clostio, Rachel W.; Pei, Shaofeng; Laws, Edward A.; Paranjpye, Rohinee N.; Strom, Mark S.; Chen, Arlene; Hasan, Nur A.; Huq, Anwar; Noriea, Nicholas F.; Grimes, D. Jay; Colwell, Rita R.

doi:10.1128/aem.01296-12

Cited by 191 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…In recent years, occurrences of V. parahaemolyticus have been documented as far north as Alaska, and this northward migration trend may be attributed to the rise in ocean temperature (8,9,17). Interestingly, it was demonstrated that growth in differing NaCl concentrations alters the susceptibility of V. parahaemolyticus to other environmental stresses (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the marine and estuarine environments, V. parahaemolyticus must navigate changing salinities, temperatures, and nutrient limitations and is known to proliferate during the warmer months of the year when the salinity and temperature are elevated (2,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Vibrio parahaemolyticus levels in marine and estuarine waters are linearly dependent on both salinity and water temperature, and in the winter, the bacterium is rarely isolated from the water column and is typically only found in small numbers in sediment (2,5,10).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Biosynthesis of the Osmoprotectant Ectoine, but Not Glycine Betaine, Is Critical for Survival of Osmotically Stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus Cells

Ongagna-Yhombi

Boyd

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophile present in marine and estuarine environments, ecosystems characterized by fluctuations in salinity and temperature. One strategy to thrive in such environments is the synthesis and/or uptake of compatible solutes. The V. parahaemolyticus genome contains biosynthesis systems for both ectoine and glycine betaine, which are known to act as compatible solutes in other species. We showed that V. parahaemolyticus had a 6% NaCl tolerance when grown in M9 minimal medium with 0.4% glucose (M9G) with a >5-h lag phase. By using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-NMR) analysis, we determined that cells synthesized ectoine and glutamate in a NaCl-dependent manner. The most effective compatible solutes as measured by a reduction in lag-phase growth in M9G with 6% NaCl (M9G 6% NaCl) were in the order glycine betaine > choline > proline ‫؍‬ glutamate > ectoine. However, V. parahaemolyticus could use glutamate or proline as the sole carbon source, but not ectoine or glycine betaine, which suggests that these are bona fide compatible solutes. Expression analysis showed that the ectA and betA genes were more highly expressed in log-phase cells, and expression of both genes was induced by NaCl up-shock. Under all conditions examined, the ectA gene was more highly expressed than the betA gene. Analysis of inframe deletions in betA and ectB and in a double mutant showed that the ectB mutant was defective for growth, and this defect was rescued by the addition of glycine betaine, proline, ectoine, and glutamate, indicating that these compounds are compatible solutes for this species. The presence of both synthesis systems was the predominant distribution pattern among members of the Vibrionaceae family, suggesting this is the ancestral state.

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis of the Osmoprotectant Ectoine, but Not Glycine Betaine, Is Critical for Survival of Osmotically Stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus Cells

Ongagna-Yhombi

Boyd

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Vibrio parahaemolyticus is another bacterium that is commonly found in the coastal bay systems of the United States and Canada causing gastrointestinal illness in humans from consuming shellfish, especially oysters during the summer months (CDC, 2013). In the three coastal areas of the United States, a 21-month research conducted by Johnson et al (2012) investigated the relationship between V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in the sediment, oysters and water to the environmental quality. They found strong relationships between the Chlorophyll-a concentrations, salinity, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations.…”

Section: Eastern Oysters In Delaware Inland Bays-seafood Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vibrio parahaemolyticus was cultivated in the laboratory from waters with a temperature of 10 • C in Mobile Bay, Alabama (DePaola et al, 2003). Johnson et al (2012) investigated relationships between environmental parameters and V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus populations in water, oysters, and sediment samples in three coastal areas of the United States during a 21-month study. These authors found strong correlations between sea surface temperature and suspended particulate matter and total and potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus populations.…”

Section: Case Studies-oyster Safety For Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Microbial and Heavy Metal Contaminants on Environmental/Ecological Health and Revitalization of Coastal Ecosystems in Delaware Bay

Ozbay

Chintapenta

Cannon

et al. 2017

Front. Environ. Sci.

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The presence of heavy metals, excess nutrients, and microbial contaminants in aquatic systems of coastal Delaware has become a public concern as human population increases and land development continues. Delaware's coastal lagoons have been subjected to problems commonly shared by other coastal Mid-Atlantic states: turbidity, sedimentation, eutrophication, periodic hypoxic/anoxic conditions, toxic substances, and high bacterial levels. The cumulative impact of pollutants from run-off and point sources has degraded water quality, reduced the diversity and abundance of various fish species, invertebrates, and submerged aquatic vegetation. The effects are especially pronounced within the manmade dead end canal systems. In this article, we present selected case studies conducted in the Delaware Inland Bays. Due to the ecological services provided by bivalves, our studies in Delaware Inland Bays are geared toward oysters with special focus on the microbial loads followed by the water quality assessments of the bay. The relationships between oysters (Crassostrea virginica), microbial loads and nutrient levels in the water were investigated. The heavy metal levels monitored further away from the waste water treatment plant in the inland bays are marginally higher than the recommended EPA limits. Also, our studies confirmed that aerobic bacteria and Vibrionaceae levels are salinity dependent. Total bacteria in oysters increased when nitrate and total suspended solids increased in the waters. Studies such as these are important because every year millions of Americans consume raw oysters. Data collected over the last 10 years from our studies may be used to build a predictive index of conditions that are favorable for the proliferation of human pathogenic bacteria. Results from this study will benefit the local community by helping them understand the importance of oyster aquaculture and safe consumption of oysters while making them appreciate their ecological and commercial values. This will also be of tremendous help to the commercial shellfish aquaculture farms to predict poor conditions to prevent oysters' consumption when bacterial levels are high in water.

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“…The human pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus is commonly found associated with shellfish, particularly oysters (1,2). Depuration is a controlled process in which shellfish are placed into clean seawater to reduce the bacterial contaminants in their tissues.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, Is a Multifactorial Process Involving Pili and Flagella but Not Type III Secretion Systems or Phase Variation

Aagesen

Phuvasate

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus can resist oyster depuration, suggesting that it possesses specific factors for persistence. We show that type I pili, type IV pili, and both flagellar systems contribute to V. parahaemolyticus persistence in Pacific oysters whereas type III secretion systems and phase variation do not.T he genus Vibrio consists of a group of bacteria that naturally inhabit aquatic environments worldwide. The human pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus is commonly found associated with shellfish, particularly oysters (1, 2). Depuration is a controlled process in which shellfish are placed into clean seawater to reduce the bacterial contaminants in their tissues. However, depuration is not very effective at reducing the numbers of V. parahaemolyticus cells in oysters (3), and little is known about the association of V. parahaemolyticus with oysters.Both type I and type IV pili are important for bacterial attachment to a variety of surfaces (4-6). V. parahaemolyticus encodes a homologue of type I pili that is most similar to the CsuA/B operon from Acinetobacter baumannii (7) and homologues of two wellstudied type IV pili from vibrios, the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) and the chitin-regulated pilus (PilA) (http://img .jgi.doe.gov/) (8, 9). Vibrio vulnificus uses PilA for persistence in Crassostrea virginica (10, 11). Both type IV pili are involved in biofilm formation in V. parahaemolyticus (12). Flagella are often critical during early stages of bacterial colonization of a surface (13,14). V. parahaemolyticus possesses a single, polar flagellum used for movement in liquid (reviewed in reference 14) as well as peritrichous (lateral) flagella for surface movement (15-17 and reviewed in reference 18). Many bacterial pathogens use type III secretion systems (T3SSs) for survival in the host by injecting virulence factors directly into the host. V. parahaemolyticus encodes two T3SSs that exhibit different phenotypes during disease (19)(20)(21). V. parahaemolyticus also exhibits "phase variation" and can switch from an opaque (OP) to a translucent (TR) phenotype based on polysaccharide production (22). In this study, we examined the role of V. parahaemolyticus pili, flagella, phase variation, and T3SSs in persistence in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.Oysters were collected from Oregon Oyster Farm (Newport, OR) and exposed to ϳ10 5 CFU/ml of V. parahaemolyticus for 16 to 18 h at room temperature (ϳ20°C) with a recirculating pump. Algae were added to the tank to facilitate uptake according to the manufacturer's recommendation (Phytoplex; Kent Marine). Depuration was conducted at 19 to 20°C for 48 to 72 h. At each time point, animals from each exposure tank were weighed, homogenized, and diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for enumeration on tryptic soy agar (TSA) supplemented with 1.5% NaCl and either 100 g/ml streptomycin, 60 g/ml chloramphenicol, 10 g/ml phosphomycin, or 50 g/ml kanamycin, depending on the strain (see Table S1 in the supplemental material), to eliminate naturally occurring bac...

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Ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in the Coastal and Estuarine Waters of Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and Washington (United States)

Cited by 191 publications

References 72 publications

Biosynthesis of the Osmoprotectant Ectoine, but Not Glycine Betaine, Is Critical for Survival of Osmotically Stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus Cells

Biosynthesis of the Osmoprotectant Ectoine, but Not Glycine Betaine, Is Critical for Survival of Osmotically Stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus Cells

Effects of Microbial and Heavy Metal Contaminants on Environmental/Ecological Health and Revitalization of Coastal Ecosystems in Delaware Bay

Persistence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, Is a Multifactorial Process Involving Pili and Flagella but Not Type III Secretion Systems or Phase Variation

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